CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Computers accept process, transform and
present information.
• Computer Graphics :- involves technology to
accept, process, transform and present
information in a visual form
• It also concerns with producing images (or
animations) using a computer
• Computer graphics provides methods to
generate images using a computer.
 Cont..
• An image can represent a realistic scene from
the real world.
• graphics like histograms or pie charts as well as
the graphical user interface of a software tool
are also considered as images.
• the main problem in computer graphics is how
to create a desired image
• Computer graphics includes almost everything
on computers that is not text or sound
 Why we Study Computer Graphics?
• There are certain important reasons to study
computer graphics.
• A major use of computer graphics is in design
processes, particularly for engineering and
architectural systems.
• almost all products are now computer
designed.
• These are referred to as computer-aided
design.
 Cont..
• CAD methods are now used in the design of buildings,
automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, computers,
textiles, and many, many other products.
• For some design applications; object are first displayed in a
wireframe outline.
• These wireframe shows the overall sham(imitation) and
internal features of objects.
• Wireframe displays allow designers to quickly see the
effects of interact The Adjustments Software packages for
CAD applications typically provide the designer with a
multi-window environment.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Reading assignment
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
 Modeling
• How to represent real environments
– Geometry: curves, surfaces, volumes
– Photometry: light, color, reflectance
• How to build these representations
– Interactive: sculpt it
– Algorithmic: let it grow (fractals, extraction)
– Scanning: via 3D sensing
• Generate primitives
– Lines, triangles, quads, patches
– Cylinder, spheres
– Higher-order primitives
 Rendering-visualizing
-Drawing pictures on computer
• What is an image?
– Distribution of light energy on 2D plane
• How do we represent and store images?
– Sampled array of “pixels”: p[x,y]
• How do we generate images from scenes?
– Input: 3D description of scene, camera
– Project to camera’s viewpoint
– Illumination
 Animation
• Model how things move
• Temporal change of
– Objects (position, orientation, size, shape, color)
– Camera (position, direction, angle, focus, etc.)
– Illumination (position, direction, color, brightness)
• Represent motion
– Sequence of stills
– Parameter curves
 Realistic image synthesis
• We want images on computers to look more realistic.
o In their colors,
o The way objects and rooms are lighted, and
o The way different materials appear.
1. Object rendering :- CG uses several simple object
rendering techniques to make models appear 3D
2. Shading :- Shading techniques extend the realistic
appearance of objects and introduce features such as
transparency and textures.
3. Coloring :- Computers don’t just create colors , It
takes lots of combination to display quality colors.
 Cont..
4. Ray tracing Reflection and transparency
the best way to appreciate how far this simple
technique have been developed is through
much more complex (and more recent)
computer graphics images.
5. Radiosity techniques for more realistic and
more physically accurate rendering.
• it is the Quality of light, texture, and object
adjustment
 The aim of computer graphics
• The aim of computer graphics is to produce
realistic and/or useful images on a computer.
• For some applications the emphasis will be on
realism (e.g. special effects in films), whereas
for others it will simply be on usefulness (e.g.
data visualization).
COMMON USE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

• Photo realistic :–creation of an image that looks like a

photograph from real life, but portrays something we
could not actually take a picture.
• Understanding and interpreting information:-
visualization is necessary for dealing with complex data.
• Improved communication with computers- graphical
and audio interfaces are helpful
• Better product design- designers can explore or see
more avenues of paths in less time and can focus on
the creative aspects of design
 Cont..
• More economical designs- design databases
can be “tested” electronically, reducing
dependence on complex and costy physical
models eg. Aircraft
• Better products-design databases can be
transmitted to robots for manufacturing (3D
output)
 Graphics Applications
• Due to rapid growth in the field of computing,
now computer is used as an economical and
efficient tool for the production of pictures.
• Computer graphics applications are found in
almost all areas.
• Here we will discuss some of the important
areas :
 Cont..
I. User Interfaces
IX. Simulations
II. Layout and Design
III. Scientific Visualization and Analysis a. Factory simulation
IV. Art and Design b. Flight simulation
V. Medicine and Virtual Surgery X. Education and training XI.
VI. Layout Design & Architectural Visualization
Simulations c. Chemical analysis
VII. History and cultural heritage d. financial planning
VIII. Entertainment e. Photograph
a. Feature films enhancement
b. Animated programs XII. Proses control
c. Virtual reality
a. Airplane , traffic
d. Pc games
 Graphs and Charts (presentation graphics)

• Graphs and charts have long been used for

visualizing data.
• They are widely used for visualizing relationships
and trends in scientific, mathematical, financial
and economic data.
• we do not need advanced graphics algorithms to
display graphs and charts.
 Computer-Aided Design
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-
Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) involve using a
computer application to enable designers to
construct and visualize 3-D models.
• They are commonly used in fields such as
architecture, engineering and circuit design.
• For example, Figure 1 shows two screenshots
from CAD applications being used for architecture.
• One of the most common CAD applications is
AutoCAD.
 Cont..
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is a
similar concept to CAD, except that the design
application is linked to the manufacturing
process.
• i.e. the application will directly control, via a
hardware communication link, the machine
that manufactures the object being designed.
 Cont..

Figure 1 - Computer Graphics used for Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

 Data Visualisation
• Graphics can be used for visualizing data in the
form of graphs and charts.
• More complex, often multidimensional, datasets
can also be visualized using graphics techniques.
• it is often difficult to visualize such datasets
without computer graphics. These complex
datasets are particularly common in science
(scientific visualization) and business (business
visualization).
 Cont..
• For example, Figure 2(a) shows a three-
dimensional medical dataset of a patient.
• Here we use computer graphics to visualize
the paths of blood vessels inside the patient’s
head. Figure 2(b) shows an image generated
from data acquired by the Hubble Space
Telescope.
 Cont..

Figure 2 - Computer Graphics used for Visualization of Complex Datasets

Virtual Reality and Augmented and Reality

• Virtual Reality (VR) allows users to be

immersed in a computer generated world, and
to interact with it as if they were interacting
with the real world.
• Typically, the user will wear special hardware
such as the VRheadset shown in Figure 3(a).
 Cont..
• This allows the computer to completely
control the visual information received by the
user,
• realistic computer-generated images such as
that shown in Figure 3(b) are displayed in the
headset in stereo (i.e. different images for the
left and right eyes)
• the user will have a sense of physical
immersion in the virtual world.
 Cont..

Figure 3- Computer Graphics used for Virtual Reality

 Augmented Reality (AR)
• AR combines a computer-generated virtual
world with the real world.
• In AR, computer-generated images are overlaid
onto a user’s view of the real world.
• For example, Figure 4 shows an AR system used
for surgery, in which computer-generated
images of hidden features such as blood vessels
and tumors are overlaid on the surgeon’s view
of the patient through a surgical microscope.
 Cont..

Figure 4 - Computer Graphics used for Augmented Reality

 Education and Training
• Computer graphics can be very beneficial in
education and training.
• For example, Figure 5(a) shows a screenshot
from some educational software that teaches
students about human anatomy.
• Graphics are used to help students visualize
the appearance and location of different
organs inside the body.
 Cont..
• Another common application of computer
graphics is in training.
• In many jobs it is difficult for workers to get
direct experience of the environment that
they are expected to work in.
• This may be because the environment is
inaccessible (e.g. space), dangerous (e.g.
bomb disposal), expensive (e.g. flying aircraft)
or high-risk (e.g. surgery).
 Cont..
• Computer graphics, combined with specialized
hardware, can be used to simulate the
working environment, so that workers can
gain the skills required for their work.
 Cont..
• For example, Figure 5(b) shows a picture of a
truck-driving simulator used by the German
army to train their drivers in emergency
situations;
• Figure 6(a) shows a helicopter simulator; and
Figure 6(b) shows a screenshot from a simulator
for laser eye surgery.
 Cont..

Figure 5 - Computer Graphics used for Education and Training

 Cont..

Figure 6 -
Computer
Graphics
used for
Education
and
Training
(a) (b)

Figure 6 - Computer Graphics used for Education and Training

 Graphical User Interfaces
• Another possibility that has been opened up by the
improvements in computer graphics technology is in
the area of user interfaces.
• Figure 7 shows the difference in visual appeal
between an old text-based user interface and a
modern windows-based user interface.
• And the difference is not just in visual appeal: modern
user interfaces have made multitasking (doing several
things at once) much easier and applications such as
word-processors have become much more powerful.
 Cont...

Figure 7 - Text-Based and Graphical User Interfaces

 Entertainment
• The applications of computer graphics in entertainment
fall into three categories:
o computer art,
o special effects and animations, and
o games.
• A number of artists have taken advantage of the
possibilities offered by computer graphics in producing
works of art.
• Computer-generated images (CGI) have been widely used
in the entertainment industry for producing special effects
for films, and also for producing completely computer-
generated films.
 Cont..

Figure 8 - Computer Graphics used in the Entertainment Industry

 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• To generate graphical images like those we
have seen above, we need some type of
graphics software.
• We can divide graphics software into two
categories:
o Special-purpose graphics packages (end-users)
o General-purpose graphics packages(computer
programmer)
• Special-purpose packages are designed for a
specific purpose.
 Cont..
• For example a drawing package such as the
Paint accessory in Microsoft Windows is an
example of a special-purpose graphics
package: it is designed to allow users to draw
simple pictures consisting of lines, curves and
other basic components.
 Cont..
• Another example is CAD packages such as AutoCAD:
these are designed to allow users to build and visualize
3-D models.
• Special-purpose graphics packages tend to be used
mostly by end-users, not programmers or computer
professionals.
• In other words, you do not need to know about
computer graphics theory to use them.
• Other examples of special-purpose packages are the
drawing applications Adobe Photoshop, Xara and GIMP.
 Cont..
• Modeling applications 3-D Studio Max and
Design Works, and the visualization software
FusionCharts and Microsoft Excel are also
Special-purpose graphics packages.
• General-purpose packages are a pre-defined
library of routines for drawing graphics
primitives. They are used by computer
programmers to add graphical capability to
their programs.
 Cont..
• They provide a lot more flexibility than special-
purpose packages but they require technical
knowledge of computer graphics and programming
• They are not suitable for end-users.
• Examples of general-purpose graphics packages
are the standard low-level graphics library OpenGL,
the Microsoft equivalent DirectX and the higher-
level library OpenInventor.
 Graphics Display Devices
• Any computer-generated image must be
displayed in some form.
• The most common graphics display device is
the video monitor, and the most common
technology for video monitors is the Cathode
Ray Tube (CRT).
• Now we will examine the technology behind
CRT displays, and how they can be used to
display images.
 CRT Displays

• CRT display devices are very common in

everyday life as well as in computer graphics:
most television sets use CRT technology.
END OF CHAPTER 1