MARGARETTE JOY ALMARIO * CHET DELA CRUZ * AMIEL RUTH DIOLATA * MARK JACOB MARCELO* MICHAEL TOMACRUZ
The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle
Mature skeletal or striated muscle cells are the longest and most slender muscle fibers, ranging in size from 1 to 50 mm in length and 40 to 50 micrometers in diameter. Because of these unique structure of the cell, that is, their length being much greater than their width, skeletal muscle fibers.
In addition each muscle cell or fiber is multinucleated and is surrounded by a special cell membrane. This cell membrane is electrically polarized and is called a sarcolemma. The sarcolemma is surrounded by the first of three types of connective tissue found in a muscle the endomysium, which is delicate connective tissue.
We see that the entire muscle consist of a number of skeletal muscle bundles called fasciculi. Each individual bundle of muscle cells, or fascicle, is surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This is visible to the naked eye. This perimysium connects with the coarse irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called the epimysium, these three layers of connective tussue act like cement holding all of the muscle cells and their bundles together.
In addition, a layer of areolar tissue covers the whole muscle trunk on top of the epimysium and is called the fascia.
INTRODUCTION
Muscles make up about 40% to 50% of your bodys weight. They allow us to perform extraordinary physical feats of endurance(running, playing sports) and grace(ballet, figure skating). When they contract, they bring about movement of the body as a whole and cause our internal organs to function properly. Muscles of the diaphragm, chest, and abdomen allow us to breath.
Types of Muscles
Skeletal or striated -is voluntary -that is, we can control its contraction. Under microscope skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated and striated. We can see alternating dark and light bands.
Smooth muscle Is involuntary Uninucleated And non striated Found in places like digestive tract.
Cardiac muscle Is involuntary Striated Uninucleated Found only in the heart
SMOOTH MUSCLE
It is found in hollow structure of the body.
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL
contains a single large nucleus It is involuntary, uni nucleated and nonstriated.
In hollow structure smooth muscle cell is arranged in two layers: A. outer longitudinal B. inner circular layer
It produce a slower contraction than skeletal muscle BUT smooth muscle contraction allow greater extensibility of the muscle.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac Muscle cell can receive an
impulse contract, immediately relax and receive another impulse.
Naming and action of skeletal muscle
Action Shape Origin and insertion Location Direction of their fibers Division
FLEXORS - muscles that bend a limb at a joint EXTENSORS - straighten a limb ABDUCTORS - move a limb away from the midline ADDUCTORS - bring a limb toward the midline of the body ROTATORS - revolve a limb around the axis DORSIFLEXORS - muscles that raise the foot
PLANTAR FLEXORS- lower the foot. SUPINATORS- muscles that turn the palm of hand upward. PRONATORS- muscles that turn the palm of hand downward. LEVATORS- raise a part of the body. DEPRESSOR- muscles that lower a part of the body. PRIME MOVERS are muscles that bring about action and those that assist the prime movers are SYNERGIST.
The Physiology of Muscle Contraction
Motor Unit
Motor Unit
On the average, 1:150 muscle cells. Properties of muscle cells
Excitability Conductivity Contractility Elasticity
Muscle contraction is caused by the interactions of three factors:
Neuroelectrical factors Chemical interactions Energy sources
Muscle Anatomy
Neuroelectrical Factors
Sarcollema
Concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Resting potential
Inside K, Outside Na
Acetylcholine(Ach) neurotransmitter
Sodium-potassium pump
Action potential Sarrcollema (muscle cell membrane) T tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Ca myofibrils actin troponin myosin tropomyosin
Chemical Interactions
Ach release of Ca Ca + troponin Actin + myosin + ATP actomyosin + ADP + PO4
Energy Sources
Chemical Energy (ATP) Mechanical Energy (contraction) ATP by glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport, breakdown of phosphocreatine
Energy Sources
Glucose + 2 ATP CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP (aerobic) Glucose + 2 ATP 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP (anaerobic) Phosphocreatine + ADP creatine + ATP Free fatty acids CO2 + H2O + ATP
Muscle Tone
Muscle Tone
Tone - steady or constant state of
partial contraction is maintained in a muscle.
Maintain body posture
2 Types of Contraction
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
THE FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscles of Facial Expression
Frontalis
Procerus Orbicularis oculi
Levator labii superioris
Orbicularis oris Mentalis
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomaticus major
Frontalis Temporalis Occipitalis
Orbicularis oculi
zygomaticus buccinator Orbicularis oris
Masseter
FACIAL EXPRESSION
MUSCLE Occipitalis Frontalis FUNCTION Draws scalp backward Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Buccinator Zygomaticus major
Draws upper lip upward and forward
Elevates upper lip Raises upper lip and dilates nostril Compresses cheeks and retracts angle Pulls angle of mouth upward and backward Raises and protrudes lower lip Closes lips
Mentalis Orbicularis oris
Muscles of Mastication and of the Eye
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Masseter
Muscles of Mastication and of the Eye
MASTICATION
MUSCLE Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Closes jaw Raises mandible backward and closes mouth Raises mandible and closes mouth Brings jaws forward FUNCTION
EYE
MUSCLE Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique Roll upward Roll downward Roll medially Roll laterally Rotates on axis Rotates on axis FUNCTION
Muscles moving the Head and Shoulder Girdle
Muscles moving the Head and Shoulder Girdle
Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior
Head
MUSCLE Sternocleidomastoid FUNCTION Flexes vertebral column and rotates head
Shoulder Girdle
MUSCLE Levator scapulae Rhomboid major FUNCTION Elevates scapula Moves scapula backward and upward; slight rotation
Rhomboid minor Pectoralis minor
Trapezius Serratus anterior
Elevates and retracts scapula Depresses shoulder and rotates scapula downward
Draws head to one side; rotates scapula Moves scapula forward away from spine and downward and inward toward chest wall
Muscles moving the humerus
Humerus
MUSCLE Coracobrachialis FUNCTION Flexes, adducts arm
Pectoralis major
Teres major Teres minor Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi
Flexes, adducts, rotates arm medially
Adducts, extends, rotates arm medially Rotates arm laterally and adducts Abducts arm Abducts arm Rotates humerus outward Extends, adducts, rotates arm medially, draws shoulder downward and backward
Muscles moving the Elbow
anconeus
Elbow
MUSCLES Brachialis Triceps brachii (3 heads) Biceps brachii (2 heads) Anconeus brachioradialis FUNCTION Flexes forearm Extends and adducts forearm Flexes arm and forearm; supinates hand Extends forearm Flexes forearm
Muscles moving the Wrist
Extensor digitorum communis Palmaris brevis
WRIST
MUSCLE Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus FUNCTION Flexes, abducts wrist Flexes, adducts wrist Extends and abducts wrist joint Extends and adducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus Palmaris brevis Extensor digitorium communis
Extends, adducts wrist
Flexes wrist joint Tenses palm of hand Extends wrist joint
MUSCLE OF MOVING THE HAND
Intrinsic Muscles
Thenar Muscles (thumb) Hypothenar Muscles (little finger) Interossei Muscles Lumbar Muscles
Extrinsic Muscles
Wrist extensors and flexors
MUSCLE OF MOVING THE HAND
MUSCLES OF THE MOVING THUMB
MUSCLE Flexor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis FUNCTION Flexes 2nd phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb Extends treminal phalanx Extends thumb
Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
Adducts thumb
Abducts, extends thumb Abducts thumb Flexes and opposes thumb
MUSCLES OF THE MOVING THUMB
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION
External oblique
Lower 8 ribs
Iliac crest, Anterior Compresses rectus sheath abdominal contents
Costal cartilage lower 3 or 4 ribs Compresses abdominal contents Compresses abdominal contents Flexes vertebral column, assists in compressing abdominal wall
Internal oblique
Iliac crest
Transverse abdominis Rectus abdominis
Iliac crest cartilage Xiphoid cartilage of lower 6 ribs linea alba Crest of pubis, pubis symphysis Cartilage of the 5th, 6th, 7th rib
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
MUSCLES Diaphragm ORIGIN Xiphoid process, costal cartilage, lumbar vertebrae INSERTION Central Tendon FUNCTION Increases vertical diameter of thorax
External intercostals Internal intercostals Quadratus lumborum
Lower border of rib Ridge on inner surface of rib Iliac crest
Upper border of rib below Upper border of rob below
Draws adjacent ribs together Draws adjacent ribs together
Last rib and upper Flexes trunk 4 lumbar laterally vertebrae
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR
MUSCLES Psoas major ORIGIN Transverse preocess of lumber vertebrae Last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Ilium, sacrum, and coccyx Ilium Ilium INSERTION Femur FUNCTION Flexes, rotates thigh medially Flexes trunk Flexes rotates thigh medially Flexes rotates thigh laterally Abducts, rotates thigh medially Abducts, rotates thigh medially
Psoas minor Iliacus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus
Junction of Ilium and pubis Junction of Ilium and pubis Fascia lata, gluteal ridge Tendon on femur Femur
MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR
MUSCLES Tensor fascia lata Abductor brevis Adductor magnus Abtrutor externus Pectineus ORIGIN Ilium Pubis Ischium, ischiopubic ramus Ischium, ischiopubic ramus INSERTION Femur Femur Femur Femur FUNCTION Tenses fascia lata Abducts, rotates thigh Adducts extends thigh Rotates thigh literally Flexes, adducts thigh Adducts, rotates, flexes thigh
Junction ilium and Femur pubis Crest and symphysis of pubis Femur
Adductor longus
MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR
MUSCLES MOVING THE FEMUR
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT
MUSCLE FUNCTION
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Popliteus Gracilis Sartorius Quadriceps femoris
Flexes leg; rotates laterally after flexed
Flexes leg; extends thigh Flexes leg; extends thigh Flexes leg;rotates it Adducts thigh, flexes leg Flexes thigh, rotates it literally Extends leg and flexes the thigh
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE JOINT
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
MUSCLES Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Peroneus tertius Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Plantaris FUNCTION Plantar, flexes foot, flexes leg, suppinates foot Plantar flexes foot Plantar flexes foot Dorsally flexes foot Dorsally flexes foot Everts, plantar flexes foot Everts foot Plantar flexes foot
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
MUSCLES OF THE TOES
MUSCLES Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus FUNCTION Flexes great toe Flexes great toe
Extensor hallucis longus
Interossei dorsales Flexor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus
Extends great toe, dorsiflexes ankle
Abduct, flexes toes Flexes toes. Extends toes Extends toes
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
Abducts, flexes great toes
Abducts little toes
MUSCLES OF THE TOES
MUSCLES OF THE TOES
MUSCULAR DISORDERS
CONTRACTURE
CRAMPS
MYALGIA
ATROPHY
MYOSITIS
MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY
MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY
MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY
MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY
TENDINITIS
MUCULAR DYSTROPHY
MUCULAR DYSTROPHY
