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Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 40
Hormones and Endocrine
Systems
Lecture Outline
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Outline
40.1 Animal Hormones
40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and
Hormones
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40.1 Animal Hormones
An endocrine system is largely composed of
glands that coordinate body activities through
the secretion of hormones such as insulin.
• Carried by the bloodstream to target cells
throughout the body
Endocrine glands can be contrasted with
exocrine glands.
• Exocrine glands—secrete products into ducts,
which subsequently take them to lumens of other
organs or outside the body
• Endocrine glands—secrete products directly into
the bloodstream, which delivers them throughout
the body
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1. What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
a. To digest food
b. To produce and release hormones
c. To filter blood
d. To transport oxygen
2. Which gland is referred to as the "master gland"?
a. Thyroid gland
b. Pancreas
c. Pituitary gland
d. Adrenal gland
3. What hormone is produced by the pancreas to help regulate blood sugar levels?
a. Cortisol
b. Insulin
c. Thyroxine
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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4. Where is the hypothalamus located?
a. At the top of the kidneys
b. In the neck
c. At the base of the brain
d. In the abdomen
5. Which glands are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body?
a. Thyroid glands
b. Adrenal glands
c. Parathyroid glands
d. Gonads
6. Which of the following is a disorder of the endocrine system?
a. Hypertension
b. Diabetes Mellitus
c. Osteoporosis
d. Asthma
7. What hormones do the ovaries produce?
a. Testosterone
b. Estrogen and progesterone
c. Cortisol
d. Growth hormone
8. What is the role of the adrenal glands?
a. To control metabolism
b. To produce insulin
c. To regulate immune response and blood pressure
d. To oversee sexual function
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9. Which gland links the nervous and endocrine systems?
a. Thyroid gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Pineal gland
d. Pituitary gland
10. What does the endocrine system primarily regulate?
a. Temperature
b. Hormone levels
c. Blood pressure
d. Nutrient absorption
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Answer Key:
1.b (0:15)
2.c
3.b
4.c
5.c
6.b
7.b
8.c
9.b
10.b
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Functions of the Endocrine System
• Maintains homeostasis
• Regulates growth and development
• Controls metabolism
• Oversees sexual function and reproduction
• Influences mood and sleep
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Major Glands of the Human
Endocrine System
Figure 40.2
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Major Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary gland
• Hypothalamus
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Pineal gland
• Gonads (Ovaries & Testes)
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40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Gland
The hypothalamus regulates internal
environment in two ways.
• Acts through autonomic system
Also controls the glandular secretions of
pituitary gland.
Posterior Pituitary
Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Controlled by negative feedback
• Effect of the hormone acts to shut down the release of the
hormone.
Produces oxytocin
• Controlled by positive feedback
• Stimulus continues to bring about an effect that ever
increases in intensity.
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The Pituitary Gland
• Known as the “master gland”
• Located at the base of the brain
• Controls other endocrine glands
• Produces growth hormone, ACTH, TSH,
LH, FSH, etc.
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The Hypothalamus
• Link between the nervous and endocrine
systems
• Controls the pituitary gland
• Produces hormones like oxytocin and ADH
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Hormones Produced by the
Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
Figure 40.6
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms in
the Endocrine System
Figure 40.8
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40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and
Hormones
Thyroid Gland
Attached to the trachea just below the larynx.
Composed of a large number of follicles filled with:
• Triiodothyronine (T3 ) and thyroxine (T4 ).
• These hormones function to increase the metabolic rate
by stimulating most of the body cells to metabolize at a
faster rate.
• Thyroid actively acquires iodine to produce T3 and T4 .
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
• Thyroid: Regulates metabolism via T4 and
T3
• Parathyroids: Control calcium levels via
PTH
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Effects of Calcitonin
Regulates blood calcium level (in part)
• Calcium plays a role in both nervous conduction
and muscle contraction.
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
when blood calcium level rises.
Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones.
• Temporarily reduces activity and number of
osteoclasts.
• When normal levels return, thyroid’s calcitonin
release is inhibited.
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Parathyroid Glands
Low blood calcium levels stimulate the release of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands.
Parathyroid hormone
• Promotes activity of osteoclasts which causes
• Phosphate level in blood to decrease, and
• Calcium level in blood to increase
• Kidney’s reabsorption of calcium
• Vitamin D activation
Blood calcium level returning to normal range causes PTH secretion
to stop.
Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to tetany.
Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic hormones because their
actions are opposite.
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Regulation of Blood Calcium Level
Figure 40.11
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The Adrenal Glands
Paired
• One sits atop each kidney.
Each consists of an outer cortex and inner
medulla.
Two functionally distinct glands.
Adrenal medulla
• Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) into the bloodstream.
Adrenal cortex
• Produces mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
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Adrenal Glands
• Located on top of kidneys
• Produce cortisol, adrenaline, aldosterone
• Regulate metabolism, immune response,
and blood pressure
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Glucocorticoids
Cortisol
Raises blood glucose level in two ways.
• Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids,
which are converted by the liver into glucose.
• Promotes metabolism of fatty acids.
Counteracts inflammatory response.
• Example: Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, reduces
inflammation.
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Adrenal Glands
Figure 40.12
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Regulation of Blood Pressure and
Volume
Figure 40.13
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Pancreas
Made up of exocrine and endocrine tissue.
Endocrine portion of the pancreas:
• Consists of pancreatic islets.
• Produce and secrete:
• Insulin
• Secreted during high blood glucose level.
• Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells.
• Glucagon
• Secreted during low blood glucose level.
• Stimulates liver to break down glycogen.
Exocrine portion of the pancreas:
• Secretes enzymes and buffers into the small intestine.
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Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
Figure 40.16
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Diabetes Mellitus
Inability of the body’s cells to take up glucose
as they should
Causes blood glucose levels to be higher than
normal.
Cells must rely on other sources of energy, such
as fatty acids.
As blood glucose levels rise, glucose, along with
water, is excreted in the urine.
• Results in frequent urination and a feeling of extreme thirst.
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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
• Pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
• Body turns to the metabolism of fat, which leads to the
buildup of ketones in the blood (ketoacidosis).
• Individuals must have daily insulin injections.
Type 2 Diabetes
• Persons with diabetes are typically overweight and
adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin
receptor function.
• It is prevented/controlled by adhering to a low-fat diet,
low-sugar diet, and exercising regularly.
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Gonads
• Ovaries: Produce estrogen and
progesterone
• Testes: Produce testosterone
• Responsible for sexual development and
reproduction
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Testes and Ovaries
Testes
Located in the scrotum.
• Produce testosterone.
• Secondary sex characteristics.
• Anabolic steroids mimic the effect of testosterone and can
lead to very dangerous side effects.
• Under the influence of the gonadotropic hormones, testes
release increased testosterone at puberty, stimulating
growth of penis and testes.
Ovaries
Located in the pelvic cavity.
• Produce estrogen and progesterone.
• Secondary sex characteristics.
• Estrogen secreted at puberty stimulates growth of uterus
and vagina.
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The Effects of Anabolic Steroid
Use
Figure 40.17
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The Pineal and Thymus Glands
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin
Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle (circadian
rhythms)
• Controlled by an internal biological clock
Thymus Gland
• Most active during childhood
• Aids in differentiation of lymphocytes
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Melatonin Production
Figure 40.18
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