Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Definition by National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) USA:
Cloud computing is a model for
enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management
effort or service provider interaction.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Essential Characteristics according to
NIST definition:
• On-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• On-demand self-service: A consumer can
unilaterally provision computing
capabilities, such as server time and
network storage, as needed automatically
without requiring human interaction with
each service provider.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Resource pooling: The provider’s computing
resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers according to consumer demand. The
customer generally has no control or knowledge
over the exact location of the provided
resources (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Measured service: Cloud systems automatically
control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability. Typically this is done on a
pay-per-use or charge-per-use basis.
Cloud Computing
Module 3
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Brief History of Cloud Computing
• Computer Scientist John McCarthy is
attributed with delivering the idea that
computations will be provisioned as utilities in
future. This idea was presented in 1961.
Brief History of Cloud Computing
• In 1960s and 1970s, the mainframes (giant
powerful computers) were leased out by the
manufacturers.
• The idea of grid computing emerged in
1990s to use the processing power of
networked PCs for scientific calculations
during idle times.
Brief History of Cloud Computing
• In 1990s, Salesforce.com started bringing
remotely provisioned software services to the
enterprises. Amazon Web Services (AWS)
were launched in 2002.
Brief History of Cloud Computing
• In 2006, the term “cloud computing” emerged
that enabled organizations to “lease” the
computing capacity and processing power
from cloud providers.
Cloud Computing
Module 4
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Overview of Cluster Computing
• A computer cluster is a collection of
interconnected stand-alone computers which
cooperate together to work as a single resource
pool of computing resources.
• Clusters became popular in 1990s when
mainframes and traditional supercomputers
were becoming less cost-effective for high
performance computing (HPC).
Overview of Cluster Computing
• In 2010, out of top 500 supercomputers.
85% were computer clusters built with
homogeneous nodes.
• Cluster computing has laid the foundation of
modern day super computers, computational
grids and cloud computing.
Overview of Cluster Computing
• Important Benefits of
Cluster Computing:
• Scalability
• High availability and
fault tolerance
• Use of commodity
computers
Overview of Cluster Computing
Sequential and Parallel
Parallel Programming Environment
Applications
Cluster Middleware Ensuring High Availability and Single System Image
PC/ PC/ PC/
Workstation
Communication Workstation Workstation
Communication
Communication
Software Software Software
Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface
hardware hardware hardware
Cluster Interconnect Network Switch
Cloud Computing
Module 5
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Overview of Grid Computing
Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected
(over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks
together, such as analyzing e-commerce data and solve a complex
problem.
Grids are a form of “super virtual computer” that solve a
particular application. The grid size may vary from small to large
enterprises network.
Overview of Grid Computing
• The grid is an integrated computing
infrastructure for bringing together
computers to create a large collection of
compute, storage, and network resources.
Overview of Grid Computing
• Grid is used to solve large-scale computation
problems or to enable fast information
retrieval by registered users or user groups.
• Computers include PCs, workstations, server
clusters, supercomputers, laptops,
notebooks, mobile computers, PDAs, etc.
Overview of Grid Computing
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