PAIRED NETWORKS :

,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM

Presentation by: Group

2
The body is
composed of
different systems
working together to
maintain
homeostasis in the
body. In this lesson,
we’ll look at how the
nervous system and
the endocrine system
work together. One
of the functions of
the nervous system,
through the brain, is
to control the glands
The Nervous
System Have you experienced
accidentally touching a hot pan
or a glass with hot water? How
did it feel? How did you react?
Your nervous system is
responsible for your quick
reaction. The nervous system
also connects all your body parts
by transmitting signals from one
part of your body to another.
That is why you can react and
respond to different situations.
In general, the nervous system
has three basic functions:
The nervous system is divided
into the central nervous
system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system
(PNS). The CNS serves as the
processing area of the nervous
system. It is composed of the
brain and the spinal cord. The
brain is the part of the
nervous system that
processes and interprets the
signals transmitted to it. The
spinal cord serves as the
connection from the brain to
The PNS is divided into
the somatic and the
autonomic nervous
systems. The somatic
nervous system (SNS)
includes the motor nerves
that connect to the
skeletal muscles that
function voluntarily. The
SNS contains the spinal
nerves, which connect the
central nervous system to
other parts such as
sensory receptor, the
muscles, and the body
Such as smell, sight, chewing, taste, hearing, and even the
movement of the tongue, the upper eyelids and eyeballs, the
head, and the shoulders. The cranial nerves are located in the
brain. The
autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the smooth and
cardiac muscles as well as other glands. It works involuntarily,
which means that it functions independently and is not
consciously controlled. The ANS contains the sympathetic
nervous system, which is activated during physical or
emotional stress. It can also be stimulated every time we feel
fear, embarrassment, or anger. The ANS also contains the
parasympathetic nervous system, which functions whenever
the body is at rest and recovery. During these periods, the
body conserves and restored energy.
 What is brain?
The brain is an important part of
the nervous system. Your brain
controls most of the reactions
given by your body. It also
processes most of the signals
that it receives from the different
parts of the body.
The brain is a complex organ in
the body that serves as the
central control center for the
nervous system. It is responsible
for processing sensory
information, regulating bodily
functions, and facilitating higher
 PARTS OF THE BRAIN

Blue: Left cerebral hemisphere Purple:

Right cerebral hemisphere
Your brain can be divided based on its hemispheres. Here are
its functions:
*Left hemisphere – controls the left side of the body;
controls different skills such as speaking, writing, numerical,
and scientific skills, as well as sign language and reasoning.
*Right hemisphere – controls the right side of the body;
related to spatial intelligence, pattern and face recognition, as
well as musical ability.
Your brain also has several lobes:
*Frontal lobe – controls some voluntary motor functions,
different moods, and sense of smell.
*Parietal lobe – controls most of the senses such as touch
and taste; also responsible for controlling pain, body
temperature, and balance.
*Occipital lobe – controls the sense of sight.
Here are the different major parts of the brain and their
functions:
*Cerebrum – the largest part of the brain; controls your ability to
read, write, and speak; also related to your mathematical and
musical skills; also deals with your memory.
*Cerebellum – helps in the smooth coordination of skeletal
muscle contractions; also regulates body posture and balance.
*Brain stem – connects the brain and the spinal cord; consists of
three regions:
*Medulla oblongata – associated with heartbeat, breathing,
sensations, and reflex control when a person is swallowing,
vomiting, coughing, hiccupping, and sneezing.
*Midbrain – has several functions that include the coordination
of muscular movements and reflexes that direct the movement of
the eyes, head, and neck every time we need to look at things
around us; also responsible for your startle reflex, which happens
*Pons – connects the parts of the brain; also helps control
breathing.
 THE NERVE CELL
The nerve cell also called
neuron, has the ability
change a stimulus into an
impulse or an electric signal
that travels in it. A stimulus is
a change in the environment
that causes one to initiate an
impulse. The neuron has
three parts, namely, the cell
body, the dendrites, and the
axon.
The cell body contains the
There are billions of neurons in nucleus and other cell
the body, which are classified organelles. The dendrites are
based on their function:
 *Sensory neurons – also known
as the afferent neurons; receive
stimuli and transmit them
toward the CNS
*Motor neurons – known as the
efferent neurons; carry the
impulse away from the CNS to
the effectors such as the
muscles and the glands
*Relay neurons or Interneurons –
also called association neurons;
responsible for processing the
sensory information carried by
the sensory neurons and giving
a response through the motor
 Neurogli TYPES OF
a
Majority of NEUROGLIA
neuroglia, also
called glia or glial
cells, are found in
the CNS. The name
glia comes from
the word “glue”
because the main
function of
neuroglia is to
The neuroglia and neurons differ in
connect the
some ways. The glia cannot transmit
nervous tissues
nerve impulses. They can cause glioma,
together. The
a highly malignant brain tumor that
neuroglia are
grows rapidly.
The Human Endocrine
System
Understanding How Hormones
Control Our Body
What is the Endocrine System?
-The
endocrine system is a network of
glands that release hormones to
regulate growth, development,
metabolism, and reproductive
functions.
How it Works: Hormones are
chemicals that travel through the
bloodstream to target specific
organs, known as "target organs.“
• The Pituitary Gland - Found in
•Releases multiple hormones that affect various parts of the
body. Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproductive
functions
Key Hormones and Their Functions :
•Human Growth Hormone (HGH):
Supports growth and muscle mass, aids tissue repair.
•Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid
gland to produce hormones.
•Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): In females, promotes
follicle development in ovaries.
•Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Initiates ovulation and regulates
progesterone.
Prolactin: Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands,
especially during pregnancy.
•Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal
glands to release stress-related hormones.
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Reduces water loss in kidneys to
help maintain body water balance; also known as vasopressin.
The hypothalamus is the gland that is located in the brain. It
controls the function of the pituitary gland. The hormones
secreted by the hypothalamus affect the release of some
hormones released by the pituitary gland.
• Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH): controls the secretion of
the TSH
• Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): stimulates the
production of FSH and LH
• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH): initiates the secretion
of the ACTH
The thyroid gland is located below the larynx (or the voice box).
It is described as a butterfly-shaped gland that is composed of
the right and the left lobes. It secretes the hormones thyroxine
(t4) and triiodothyronine (t3). These hormones are also called
Calcitonin is another hormone secreted by the thyroid gland,
which is responsible for maintaining the calcium level in the
body.
The parathyroid glands can be found in the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland. The parathyroid hormone is the hormone
secreted by the parathyroid glands. It is the major regulator of
the calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels in the blood.
The pancreas is located in the duodenum of the small intestine.
It secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which are
responsible in regulating blood sugar level.
• Insulin : helps in lowering the amount of glucose in the blood
when it is too high
• Glucagon : helps in increasing the level of glucose in the
blood when it is too low
When the body has a high amount of glucose in the blood, the
pancreas will secrete insulin to lower the glucose by converting
Once the body’s blood glucose level becomes low, the pancreas
will then release the glucagon and break down the glycogen in the
liver to create the glucose needed by the body.
The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. Each adrenal
gland is divided into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
The adrenal cortex secretes the following hormones:
• Mineralocorticoids : maintain the balance of minerals in the body
such as sodium and potassium
• Glucocorticoids : break down proteins and triglycerides needed
by the body; help in the formation of glucose; have anti-
inflammatory effects; cause suppression of immune responses
• Androgens : secreted by both males and females, but it is an
important hormone especially for females because these are
converted into estrogen
• Adrenal medulla : secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which are released during
The Gonads produce sex cells or gametes. These gonads are
the ovaries for females and testes for males.
• The Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity. They secrete the
hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is responsible
for the female secondary sex characteristics and maintaining
the female body shape. Progesterone, with the help from other
hormones, helps in pregnancy, lactation, and menstrual cycle.
• The Testes can be found in the scrotum, and they release the
hormone Testosterone, which helps in the production of sperm
and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
Other glands include the Pineal Gland, which is located also in
the brain and secretes Melatonin that regulates the sleep cycle,
and the Thymus, which secretes Thymosine that acts as an
antibody.