Chapter 4

Motor and Transformer

 Lesson Outcome

At the end of this topic, students should be

able to:
– Apply the operation of a DC motor in term of their
speed and torque condition
– Apply and understand operation of AC motor with
alternating current
– Describe the step-down and step-up transformer
function
 Principle of Electricity and
Magnetism
• Electricity and magnetism are two related phenomena produced by
the electromagnetic force. Together, they form electromagnetism.
• A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. Also, a
magnetic field can induce charged particles to move, producing an
electric current.
• An electric current in a wire generates a magnetic field around the
wire. The direction of the magnetic field (clockwise or counter-
clockwise) depends on the direction of the current. This is the "right
hand rule," where the direction of the magnetic field follows the
fingers of your right hand if your thumb is pointing in the current
direction.
• Moving a loop of wire toward or away from a magnetic field induces
a current in the wire. The direction of the current depends on the
direction of the movement.
Direction of the Field of a Long Straight Wire
• A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic
field
• Right Hand Rule
– Grasp the wire in your right hand
– Point your thumb in the direction of the
current
– Your fingers will curl in the direction of the
field
• The magnitude of the field at a distance r from a
wire carrying a current of I is:
B
𝜇 𝑜=4 𝜋 × 10−7 𝑁 / 𝐴2
o I
2 r
• (newtons per ampere
An electromagnet consists of an iron core placed
inside a wire coil. The magnetic field strength of a
wire coil carrying an electric current increases in
direct proportion to the number of turns of the coil.
Generator and Motor
 Faraday Effect

• Faraday Effect

• Basic Concepts
• Voltage ,V – Potential to Move Charge (volts)
• Current , I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps)
• Resistance, R = V/I (R in =ohms)
• Power, P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
The force on a current-carrying conductor
in a magnetic field :
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, there is an interaction between the magnetic field
produced by the current and the permanent field, which
leads to a force being experienced by the conductor:
• The magnitude of the force on the conductor depends on
the magnitude of the current which it carries. The force is
a maximum when the current flows perpendicular to the
field (as shown in diagram A on the left below), and it is
zero when it flows parallel to the field (as in diagram B, on
the right):
Fleming’s left-hand rule
 Motion of a current-carrying loop in a magnetic
field

Rotatio
n I

N L R
S
brushes F
Commutator
(rotates
with coil)
Vertical position of the loop:
Rotation

N S
 Electric Motor
Electrical Mechanical
Energy M Energy
 Electric Generator
Mechanical Electrical
Energy G Energy
 Electric Motor
• An electromagnet is the basis of an electric
motor
• An electric motor is all about magnets and
magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create
motion.
• Opposites attract and likes repel. Inside an
electric motor, these attracting and repelling
forces create rotational motion.
• A motor is consist of two magnets.
Apply: How do the attracting and repelling
forces between magnets create rotational
motion in an electric motor?

Suggested answer:
The attracting and repelling forces between magnets in an electric
motor cause one magnet to push and pull another, resulting in the
rotational motion of the motor shaft.
Understand: What is the role of an
electromagnet in the operation of an
electric motor?

Suggested answer:
An electromagnet serves as the basis of an electric motor by
creating a magnetic field when an electric current passes through
it, which interacts with other magnets to produce motion in the
motor.
 Parts of the Motor
• Armature or rotor
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Axle
• Field magnet
• DC power supply of some sort
Commutator
Motor Illustration
Brushes
• The contacts of the commutator are attached to the axle
of the electromagnet, so they spin with the magnet. The
brushes are just two pieces of springy metal or carbon
that make contact with the contacts of the commutator.
• Function of commutator: To keep the torque on a DC motor from
reversing every time the coil moves through the plane perpendicular to
the magnetic field, a split-ring device
Spinning Armature
Example of Motor
 TORQUE/SPEED CURVES
• The graph above shows a
• In order to effectively design with torque/speed curve of a typical
DC motors, it is necessary to DC motor.
understand their characteristic • Note that torque is inversely
curves. For every motor, there is a proportional to the speed of the output
specific Torque/Speed curve and shaft. In other words, there is a
Power curve.
tradeoff between how much torque a
motor delivers, and how fast the
output shaft spins.
• The stall torque, s, represents the
point on the graph at which the
torque is a maximum, but the shaft is
not rotating.
• The no load speed, n, is the
maximum output speed of the motor
Stall torque is the torque produced by a mechanical (when no torque is applied to the
device whose output rotational speed is zero.
output shaft).
Explain the concept of stall torque in DC
motors. How is it represented on a
torque/speed curve?

Suggested answer:
Stall torque is the maximum torque produced by a motor when the
rotational speed of the output shaft is zero. It represents the point
on the torque/speed curve where the torque is at its maximum but
the shaft is not rotating.
Describe the relationship between torque
and speed in a DC motor based on the
torque/speed curve. What tradeoff is
observed?

Suggested answer:
Torque is inversely proportional to the speed of the output shaft in
a DC motor, as shown in the torque/speed curve. There is a
tradeoff between the amount of torque a motor delivers and the
speed at which the output shaft spins.
How is the no load speed of a DC motor
defined? What does it indicate about the
motor's performance?

Suggested answer:
The no load speed of a DC motor is the maximum output speed
when no torque is applied to the output shaft. It indicates the
maximum speed the motor can reach without any load, reflecting
its performance under light or no load conditions.
 Losses
The various losses are classified as follows:
 The Efficiency of the DC Motor
• To calculate a motor's efficiency (), the mechanical output
power is divided by the electrical input power:

 = (Pm/Pe)x100%

where  is energy conversion efficiency, Pe is electrical

input power, and Pm is mechanical output power.

• In simplest case Pe = VI, and Pm = Tω, where V is input

voltage, I is input current, T is output torque, and ω is
output angular velocity. It is possible to derive analytically
the point of maximum efficiency. It is typically at less than
1/2 the stall torque.
• Power output motor:
Pout = T . W
• T = torque
• Power input : Vin. Iin
 Transformer
A device used to change high voltage into low
voltage and vice-versa without changing the
frequency.

In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
 TRANSFORMER USES
1. Electrical Isolation

2. AC power transmission
 STEP-UP Transformer
 STEP-DOWN Transformer
 INDUCTION THEORY
• Transformers behaviour is based on Faraday’s
Law of Induction

Where:-
ε(epsilon) – EMF (V) **Electromotive Force, the voltage at the terminals of the
source in the absence of an electric current
N – Number of turns of wire
ΦB (phi)– Magnetic flux (Wb) (weber)
INDUCTION THEORY

Ns
 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
Explain how a changing current in the
primary coil of a transformer leads to the
induction of electromotive force in the
secondary coil.

Suggested answer:
When the current in the primary coil changes, a changing
magnetic field is produced. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary coil through the soft iron core,
leading to a change in magnetic flux linked with the secondary
coil. The changing magnetic flux induces electromotive force in
the secondary coil.
 TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) is(t)
Np Ns

+ +

Vp(t) Vs(t)

- -

Np = Number of windings on the Ns = Number of windings on the

primary secondary

ip = Current into the primary Vp is = Current out from the secondary

= Voltage across the primary Vs = Voltage across the secondary
Can you explain the relationship between
the number of windings on the primary and
secondary sides of an ideal transformer?

Suggested answer:
The number of windings on the primary side (Np) and secondary
side (Ns) of an ideal transformer determine the voltage and
current transformation ratio. The ratio of the number of windings
on the primary to the number of windings on the secondary is
directly related to the voltage ratio between the primary voltage
(Vp) and secondary voltage (Vs) of the transformer.
 Primary and Secondary Relationship
Turns ratio (a) is defined as the ratio of the number of turns in
the secondary winding (Ns) to the number of turns in the
primary winding (Np).

VP = NP = iS = a
VS NS iP
Note; a < 1 = Step up transformer
a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT

affected hence,
θP = θS = θ
Explain the relationship between the turns
ratio (a) and the transformer type (step up
or step down).

Suggested answer:
When the turns ratio (a) is less than 1, the transformer is a step up
transformer. Conversely, when the turns ratio is greater than 1,
the transformer is a step down transformer.
 LOSSE
•
S
Transformers have losses and these losses must come into
consideration.
• Copper losses/ Ohmic losses (I2 R)
• Leakage Flux losses
• Core losses
 Eddy currents (a localized electric current induced
in a conductor by a varying magnetic field).
 Hysteresis (thedependence of the state of a
system on its history) losses
Explain the concept of copper losses in
transformers and how they are calculated.

Suggested answer:
Copper losses, also known as Ohmic losses, are caused by the
resistance of the transformer windings. They are calculated using
the formula P = I^2 * R, where P is the power loss, I is the current
flowing through the winding, and R is the resistance of the
winding.
 REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES
ip(t is(t
L L
) R R )
p s
p s

Vp(t R jXm N Vs(t

) c Np s )

• Copper losses (I2 R) **due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings

• Leakage Flux losses **happened when the flux is not maintained within the coils
• Core losses
 Eddy currents **minimized by making the core with thin laminations
 Hysteresis losses **minimized by using silicon steel material for the
construction of the core
How do the ohmic resistance of transformer
windings contribute to copper losses?

Suggested answer:
Copper losses in transformers occur due to the heating effect
caused by the flow of current through the resistance of the
winding wires, known as I2 R losses.