Tropical Fruit Production
HRT507
Domain of Horticulture
School of Agriculture
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab
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Mango
(Mangifera indica L.)
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Introduction
• Family: Anacardiaceae
• Botanical name : Mangifera indica L.
• Chromosome number : 2n=40, n=20, x= 10
• Genus Mangifera consist of 40 species
• Origin: Malay Peninsula, Indonesian archipelago, South Asia, South
East Asia
• ‘King of fruit’
• Tree is evergreen
• Not continuous growth produce periodic flushes
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Status
India
Area (000 Ha) Production (000 MT) Productivity (MT/ha)
2258 21822 9.66
Source: Horticulture Statistics at a Glance,
2017-18 (NHB)
World Scenario
India ranks 1st in Mango production
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The country with highest mango production
in the world is
a) Pakistan
b) India
c) America
d) China
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FLOWER AND FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS
• Borne on terminal pyramidal panicles
• Inflorescence rigid and erect: Racemose
• Flowers are small: yellowish or pinkish in colour
• Staminate (male) flowers predominates (67-90%) or
hermaphrodite (10-30%)
• Fruit is a drupe: Skin (Epicarp), Pulp (Pericarp) and Stone
(Endocarp)
• Size varies from size of plum to weight of 2 kg.
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Mango Inflorescence:
Racemose
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Commercial mango varieties grown in different states
Andhra Pradesh Banganapalli, Suvarnarekha, Neelum and Totapuri
Bihar Bombay green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli,
Gulabkhas, Kishen Bhog, Himsagar, Zardalu and
Langra
Gujarat Kesar, Alphonso, Rajapuri, Jamadar, Totapuri,
Neelum,Dashehari
and Langra
Madhya Alphonso, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fazli, Langra
Pradesh and Neelum
Karnataka Alphonso, Totapuri, Banganapalli, Pairi, Neelum
and Mulgoa
Himachal Chausa, Dashehari and Langra
Pradesh
Haryana Chausa, Dashehari, Langra and Fazli
Maharashtra Alphonso, Kesar and Pairi
Punjab Chausa, Dashehari and Malda
Rajasthan Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari and Langra
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Mango hybrids and their characters
Hybrid Place of Parentage Important characters
research
Mallika IARI, Neelum x Regular-bearers, high TSS, good colour,
New Dashehari uniform fruits, moderate keeping
Delhi quality
Amrapali IARI, Dashehari x Dwarf, regular-bearers, clusterbearing,
New Neelum small-sized fruits, good keeping quality
Delhi
Ratna FRS, Neelum x Regular-bearers, free from spongy
Vengurla Alphonso tissue and fibre
Sindhu FRS, Ratna x Regular-bearer, stone thin
Vengurla Alphonso
Arka IIHR, Alphonso x Regular-bearer, attractive skin colour,
Puneet Bangalore Banganapalli medium-sized, free from spongy tissue.
Good keeping quality, good sugar, acid
blend
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Ratna variety of Mango is a hybrid between
a) Neelum x Alphonso
b) Alphonso x Neelum
c) Neelum x Dashehari
d) Dashehari x Neelum
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Soil and Climate
• Deep, well-drained sandy loam soil
• Soil pH 5.5-8.7
• Soil should be free from hardpan and sticky clay
• Tropical fruit
• During flowering: there should be no rain and frost
• Heavy frost may even kill big trees
• Fruit induction a period of drought or low temperature stress
is required
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Propagation
• Asexual methods
• Sexual methods
• Rootstock propagated sexually by seed called as ‘mango
seedling’ or ‘Desi mango’
• Poly embryony in countries like Philippines
• Seeds germination percentage
• Seeds sown on seedbed or on ground in July-August
• Ready for transplanting after 6-12 months
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Sexual method-Seed sowing
Mango is a highly heterozygous and cross-pollinated crop.
The seeds of mango are sown within 4-5 weeks after extraction otherwise
they lose their viability.
For sowing the seeds, raised beds are prepared with a mixture farmyard
manure, soil and sand.
After germination, the leaves turn green in 2-4 weeks
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Asexual Propagation
Grafting and Budding
• Grafting done during active growth period
• August-September
• Inarching (Approach grafting)
• Scion
• Mature wood
Inarching (Approach grafting) 15
Veneer and side grafting: These can be utilized for
preparing a grafted plant material or for insitu grafting,
i.e. for the rootstocks which are already planted.
Epicotyl /stone grafting: This method is widely practiced in the Konkan
region of Maharashtra. The germinated seedlings of 8-15 days old are
used for grafting.
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The commercial method of
propagation in mango is
a)Cleft grafting
b)Inarching
c)Tissue culture
d)Veener grafting
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Rootstocks
Rootstock Characteristics
Kurukkan Salt resistant
Olour Vigorous rootstock
Vellaikolamban Salt resistant
Moovandan. Salt resistant
Desi sucking type Adaptable to local
of mango conditions
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Planting system and planting time
• Planting time
• August-September
• Pit Size: 1m x 1m x 1m
• Commonly planted in square system [11 (35 ft) or 15 m (45 ft)]
• High density mango plantation (20 feet)
• However rectangle system and hexagonal system also followed in
some area
Irrigation and Manuring
• After fruit set fortnight irrigation until ‘Monsoon’ rain
• FYM 100kg in August-September
• N 1.5kg half dose after harvest and half in February
• P 500g after harvest
• K 500g after harvest
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High-density planting
• High-density planting helps increase the yield/unit area.
• Amrapali is found amenable for high-density planting with a
spacing of 2.5m x 2.5m.
• Soil drenching with paclobutrazol (2 ml/tree) induces
flowering during off year.
• If coupled with pruning, it, helps increase production /unit
area in Dashehari.
• The polyembryonic mango Vellaikolumban when used as
rootstock imparts dwarfing in Alphonso.
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AFTER CARE AND MANAGEMENT
Training and pruning
Training is an important practice during the first few years after
planting. It is essential to space the branches properly to
facilitate intercultural operations and induce new growth.
Intercropping
• Intercropping blackgram-wheat-mango and brinjal-onion-
mango.
• Cover crops like sunhemp, cowpea, pea help to prevent soil
erosion.
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Irrigation
• The young plants upto 2-year-old should be watered regularly.
• The newly-planted grafts need about 30 litres of water every week.
• Irrigation during pre-flowering phase increases flowering.
•Irrigating grown-up trees after fruit set at 10-day interval increases the
yield.
Maturity Indices
• Change in fruit shape (fullness of the cheeks).
• Change in skin color from dark-green to light-green to yellow (in
some cultivars). Red color on the skin of some cultivars is not a
dependable maturity index
• Change in flesh color from greenish-yellow to yellow to orange.
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Harvesting
Mangoes should never be knocked down from the tree, dropped or
thrown to the ground.
Harvest early in the morning or late in evening
Harvesting the fruits with 1 to 2 cm length stalk - reduces latex
exudation, staining or fungal entry
Never place the harvested fruits directly on the ground
Place the fruits in clean shallow plastic crates.
Keep the harvested fruits in a cool place away from direct sunlight
Out-grading should be carried out in the field to remove immature,
undersized, damaged, bruised, scarred or ripe fruit.
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Harvesting the fruit
along with stalk
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Harvesting tools
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Yield
•An average mango tree yields 8 tonnes /ha. The number of fruits per
tree doing its bearing age generally various from 1000 to 2000 fruits.
The productivity of mango is higher in Andhra Pradesh and Bihar.
Postharvest Management
•After harvesting, mangoes are graded according to their size. B
•Bamboo baskets are used for packing. Straw is used for cushioning.
•However, now perforated cardboard are generally used. In these boxes
either fruits are individually wrapped with tissue paper before packing
or paper shavings are used for cushioning.
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Sorting and grading
• To remove rotten and diseased fruits
• To remove over ripe fruits
• To remove insect attacked fruits
• To remove misshapen fruits
Sorting should be done before washing
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Physiological disorders
1. Alternate (Biennial) and Irregular bearing :
Most of the promising varieties are prone to this malady.
In 'ON' year due to heavy crop load the tree is exhausted
and not able to put up new vegetative growth to bear the
crop in the following year resulting in to tendency of
alternate bearing.
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The various possible factors associated with the problem
.
can be grouped as-
Genetical (varietal)
Environmental (ocuurence of dis. or pests)
Nutritional.
Physiological (hormone imbalance)
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Remedies
Planting of regular bearing varities like Amrapali, Ratna,
Dashehari, Bangalora, Mallika, Neelum etc.
Application of Paclobutrazol (Cultar) @ 10 ml/tree
(10 lit.of water/tree ) in the second fortnight of August.
Pruning of the branches to reduce the inner areas of the plant.
Proper manuring etc.
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2. Mango malformation:
This malady has been
distinguished into two
groups i.e.
Vegetative malformation
Floral malformation
Causes: Various causes.
Fungal origin-Fusarium
moniliforis
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Control measures:
Destruct infected part
Fungicide spray like Captan @ 3grams or
Bavistin @ 1gram / litre of water
Remove the affected parts and paste with
Bordeaux paste.
Early
deblossoming combined with NAA 200 ppm
spray during October also reduces this
considerably.
Growing of resistant varieties like Bhadauran,
Alib and Illaichi.
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3.Spongy tissue:
A non-edible patch in the mesocarp,spongy, sour and
yellowish is termed as spongy tissue. Detected only after
cutting
Alphonso variety is very susceptible to this spongy tissue.
Remedial measures:
Sod culture and mulching decreases spongy tissue.
Growing mango hybrids Ratna and Arka Puneet,
Harvesting fruits 3/4 matured rather than fully
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4. Fruit Drop:
Serious problem in mango and cause great loss to growers.
Fruits drop at all stages of maturity. Maximum fruit drop
takes place in last week of April or first week of May
depends upon favourable condition.
The fruit drop can be divided in to 3 phases-
1. Pin head drop
2.Post setting drop
3.May drop
Formation of an abscission layer.
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The causes can be divided in to two;
.
External causes:
Unfavourable climatic conditions & diseases
Internal causes:
Lack of pollination
Low stigmatic receptivity
Poor pollen transference
Occurrence and extent of self incompatibility.
Drought / lack of irrigation
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Measures to prevent fruit drop:
Spraying of 2, 4-D @ 10 ppm or NAA @ 50 ppm at
pea stage and at marble stage helps in preventing fruit
drop.
Providing pollenizers.
Irrigation schedule.
Provision of wind beaks
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5. Clustering (Jhumka)
These fruitlets are dark green with a deeper curve in the
sinus beak region compared with normally developing
fruitlets. These fruitlets grow to marble size after
which their growth ceases.
One of the main reasons-low temperature. Most of the
fruits are aborted with shrivelled embryos and do not
develop further..
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PESTS
Hopper
Spraying two rounds of phosphamidon 40SL 2 ml/lit of water will control
hopper.
First at the time of panicle emergence and the second two weeks after first
spray.
Phosphamidon + neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any
insecticides for the control of hopper and shoot webber.
Leaf galls and Aphids
Application of Dimethoate or Methyl demeton @ 2 ml/lit will control the
pests.
Flower Webber
Application of Phosalone 35 EC @ 2 ml/lit will control webber.
Nut Weevil
Fenthion 100 EC 1ml/lit spray during marble stage and second spray 15
days after the first spray will control nut weevil.
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Mealy bug
Spraying of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2.5ml/lit or Monocrotophos 36 WSC 1.5ml/lit
will give control over the pest.
Band the trees with 20 cm wide 400 gauge polythene sheets.
Release of Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10/tree will
be a very effective bio-control measure.
Stem borer
Monocrotophos (36 WSC) 10 ml is soaked in absorbent cotton and placed on the
affected stem by removing the bark of 2.5 cm².
The trees should not be treated during their bearing stage.
Fruit fly
Spraying of Fenthion 2 ml/lit or malathion 2 ml/lit will control the pest.
Ploughing the inter spaces will expose the pupae.
Pheromone trap with methyl eugenol 1 ml in 1 litre of water + 1 ml of malathion
solution will attract and kill the female insects.
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DISEASES
Powdery mildew
Application of Sulphur dust (350 mesh) in the early morning will protect new
flush.
Anthracnose and stalk end-rot
Pre-harvest spraying of Mancozeb 2g/lit or Carbendazim 1g/lit or Thiophanate
methyl 1g/lit or Chlorothalonil 2 g/lit, 3 times at 15 days interval will control
anthracnose and stalk end-rot.
Sooty mould
Spraying Phosphamidon 40 SL @ 2 ml/ litre + Maida 5% (1 kg Maida or starch)
boiled with 1 lit of water and diluted to 20 litres will control the incidence of sooty
mould. Avoid spraying during cloudy weather.
Stem end rot
• Dip mangoes in 6 percent borax solution at 43°C for 3 minutes.
• Harvest mangoes on clear dry day.
• Injury should be avoided to fruits at all stages of handling.
• Spray Carbendazim (0.1%) or Chlorothalonil (0.2%) in the field.
Red rust
• Bordeaux mixture (1%), or Copper oxychloride 0.25% .
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