METHOD OF

INSTRUCTION

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 CLASSROOM RULES

Mobile phones shall be

in silent mode.

10 minutes break every

after 1 hr discussion.
Sleepy student may stand
or perform stretching at the
back of the class

Student’s questions will be

raise during or after each
delivery of the lesson Students are allowed to
subtopic by raising their hand. use the rest room anytime

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

Objective
• To acquaint the students on the
different medical terms that are
strange to them. To understand
the importance of the subject, the
basic life saving steps and to be
able to apply First Aid to the
different cases encountered
Definition of Terms

• FIRST AID - temporary care given to an

injured or ill person before a definitive
can be given by a medically trained
person.

• SELF AID - a care give to oneself.

• FIRST AIDER - a person who give first

aid.
Definition of Terms

• WOUND - a break in the continuity of the

skin, mucous membrane and tissue.
• FRACTURE - a break in the continuity of
the bone.
• SHOCK - a state or condition wherein
there is not enough or adequate blood
supplies to the vital tissues and organs.
• SPLINT - any flat like materials ready
made or improvise use to hold fracture.
Definition of Terms

• DRESSING - is a sterile pad, a compressed

sponge or any other materials that is clean
and directly applied to cover the wound.

• HEMORRHAGE - a escape of large quantities

of blood from the blood vessels.

• ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION - is a procedure for

causing the air to flow into and out of the
lungs of a person when is normal or natural
breathing is inadequate or has ceases.
Importance of First Aid

 To save life.

 Prevent permanent disability

 Reduced prolong hospitalization.

General Procedure in case of Injury

 Give the patient comfort.

 Assure the patient that his

condition can be taken care of.

 Handle the patient gently

 Never give anything by mouth to

unconscious person.
General Procedure in case of
Injury
 Give the patient comfort.

 Assure the patient that his

condition can be taken care of.

 Handle the patient gently

 Never give anything by mouth to

unconscious person.
Basic Life Saving Steps
 Check for breathing

 Check for bleeding

 Check for shock

 CHECK FOR BREATHING
• Procedures:
 Place your ear over the casualty ‘s mouth
or nose and look towards his chest.
 Look for the rise and fall of the casualty’s
chest.
 Listen for the sound of breathing.
 Feel for breath on the side of your face.
 Allow 3 – 5 seconds to determine if the
casualty is breathing. If negative , rescue
breathing.
Opening the Airway
 Head tilt- neck lift technique

 Head tilt – chin techniques

 Jaw thrust.
Rescue Breathing
( Through artificial respiration)
• Mouth to mouth methods
 Place the victims on his back
 If foreign bodies are visible in the
victims mouth, wipe it out quickly with
yours fingers Tilt the victims head
backward so that his chin is pointing
upward. Maintain the head tilt backward
position. To prevent leakage of air,
pinch the victims nose trails or pressed
your check against the victims nose.
 Open your mouth widely, take a deep
breath and seal your mouth tightly around
the victims mouth, and with your mouth
forming a wide open circle, blow into the
victims mouth. Volume is important, you
should start at a high rate and then
provide at least one breath every five (5)
seconds adult or (12 per minute).

 Watch the victims chest, when you see it

rise stop blowing raise your mouth and turn
your head to the side and listen for
exhalation. Watch the victims chest to see
that it falls. When the victims exhalation
finished, repeat the blowing cycle.
Mouth to Nose methods

 Maintain the backward head tilt

position with the hand on the
forehead. Use the other hand to
close the mouth.

 Open your mouth widely, take a

deep breath, seal your mouth
tightly around the victims nose. On
exhalation phase open the victims
 When administering mouth to mouth or
mouth to nose ventilation to small
children or infants, the first aider should
not take the backward head tilt as
extensive as that of the adult or large
children.

 Both mouth and nose of an infant or small

child be sealed by your mouth. Blow into
the mouth and nose severe three (3)
seconds or 20 breath per minute with less
pressure and volume than for adult or
large children. The amount is determined
by the sized of the child. Small puff of
air will suffice for infants.
 If you are not getting air exchange, re-
check the position of the victims head
and jaw, and investigate to see whether
there is foreign body in the back of the
mouth obstructing the air passage.

 If the victims stomach is bulging, air

may have been blown into the stomach.
Turn the victims head to one side and be
prepared to clear the mouth before
pressing your hand briefly and firmly over
the upper abdomen, the ribs and the
navel.
Mouth to Stoma Methods

Stoma - is an opening in the

windpipe (trachea) in front of the
neck of a person whose larynx
have been completely or
partially remove by surgery.
Mouth to Stoma Methods

• Procedures:
 Do not breath into the victims nose
or mouth.
 Use mouth to stoma respiration
 Use the same general procedure as
for the mouth to mouth resuscitation ,
but place your mouth firmly over the
victims stoma and blow the same rate
as for a person who breath normally.
 Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)
 If foreign bodies are visible in the
victims mouth, wipe it out quickly with your
fingers preferably with cloth wrapped
around them.

 Place the victims in a face up position.

Maintain an open airway by placing
something under the victims shoulder to raise
them several inches and allowing his head
to drop backward. Turn the victims head to
the side.
 Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)

 Kneel at the top of the victims head, grasp

the wrist and cross them over the lowest
chest.

 Rock forward until your arms are

approximately vertical and allow the weight of
the part of your body to exert steady even
pressure downward. This action will cause air
to flow out of the victims chest.
Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)

 Immediately release the pressure by

rocking back, pulling the victims arms
outward and upward over the victims
head and backward as far as possible,
this procedures will cause the air to flow
in.

 Repeat the cycle about 12 times per

minute, checking the victims mouth often
for obstructions.
AIRWAY Obstructions

Partial obstructions

Complete Airway obstructions

 MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)

• Back Blows (Conscious)

 Position yourself to the side and
slightly behind the casualty.
 Place your left hand on his chest
to support him.
 Give four (4) sharp blows in rapid
succession with the hand of the
other arms to the casualty’s back
between the shoulder blade.
MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)
• Back Blows (Unconscious)
 Roll the casualty unto his side
facing you with his chest against
your thigh.
 Deliver four (4) sharp blows in
rapid succession to the casualty’s
back between the shoulder blade.
• Abdominal Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and
wrap your arms around his waist.
 Make first with one hand and
grasp it with the other hand just
below the navel or in the abdomen.
 Give four (4) successive inward
and upward motion.
• Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back
 Perform the thrust either a stride or along
the side of the casualty. If you are along
the side of the patient, your knees should
be close to his thigh/hips. Straddle the
hips on one thigh of the casualty.
 Place the heel of one hand against the
casualty’s abdomen between the waist and
the ribcage. Put seconds hand on top of
the first one.
• Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)

 Position and maintain your

shoulder over the casualties
abdomen.

 Apply a quick inward and upward

abdominal thrust towards the
casualty’s head.
• Chest Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and wrap
your arms around his chest with
your arms under his armpit.
 Make fist with one hand place the
thumb of the fist squarely on the
breastbone.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand the
exert four (4) quick backward and
upward pulls.
 Alternate 1 & 3 until the casualty
recover.
• Chest Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back.
 Kneel close to the side of the casualty’s
head and locate the lower edge of the
ribcage with your finger.
 Trace the ribcage.
 With your arms in position, bring your
shoulder directly over the casualty’s
breastbone, keep your arms straight and
press downward.
 Apply enough pressure to push the
breastbone downward about 1 to 2 inches
and then released the pressure completely
(4 rapid succession).
CHECK FOR BLEEDING

Wound - a break in the

continuity of the skin.
 Kinds of Wounds
 Puncture Wound – usually caused by sharp
pointed object.
 Incise wound – caused by sharp bladed
object. With clean cut.
 Lacerated Wound – caused by any hard or
blunt object.
 Abrasion – a wound resulting from scraping
rough surfaces.
 Avulsion – a kind of wound that involves a
forceable separation or tearing of tissue from
the victims body.
Procedures:

 Expose the entire area of the wound

to easily trace the types and size of
the wound.
 Avoid contamination.
 Cover the wound with sterile dressing.
 Elevation of the bleeding part.
 Treat for shock.
First Aid Measures
• Elevation – raising the injured part
above the heart level.
• Direct Pressure – pressing a sterile
dressing firmly over the bleeding part.
• Digital Pressure – finger pressure
applied directly over the bleeding part.
• Tourniquet – a constricting band placed
around the arm or leg to control
bleeding.
 Where to Place Tourniquet

 Place the tourniquet around the limb

between the wound and the heart. It
should be placed 2-4” above the injury
site.
 Mark the casualty’s head with a “T”
preferably his blood whenever possible.
 Do not cover the tourniquet, leave it in
full view.
 Record the time of application.
Where to Place Tourniquet
 Use padding in the application of
tourniquet.
 If the limb is missing, apply a
dressing to the stamp.
 Clamping - this can be done by the
use of forceps.
 Fluid Replacement – giving IV fluids
like whole blood, dextrose of
plasma volume expander.
 Packing
• DRESSING – a sterile pad, a
compressed sponge that is applied
directly to cover the wound.
Uses of Dressing

 To control Bleeding.
 To cover wound and keep out dirt
and bacteria which may cause
infection.
 To absorb excess fluid.
 To maintain temperature around the
wound.
 To apply medication.
Rules for Applying dressing

 Apply dressing directly over the wound.

 Avoid contamination.
 Use the tail of a dressing as bandage
whenever possible.
 If the dressing is secured by tying, place
the knots where they are easy to see and
react, never tie knots over the wound.
 Following dressing is applied, it should not
be disturbed or replaced unless
hemorrhage recurs or dressing exposes the
wound.
• SHOCK – a state of condition when
there is not enough or adequate
blood supplies to the vital tissues
and organs.
Causes

 Significant loss of blood.

 Heart failure.
 Dehydration.
 Severe and painful blows to the body.
 Severe allergic reaction to drugs,
foods, insect sting, and snake bites.
 Signs and Symptoms
 Sweaty but cool skin
 Paleness of the skin
 Restlessness or nervousness
 Thirstiness
 Faster than normal breath
 Pupils are dilated
 Pulse is rapid
 Nausea or vomiting
First Aid Measures
 Prevention from heat exposure
 Loosen the clothing
 Control Bleeding
 Replacement of fluids
 Control the pain
 Prevent the casualty from chilling
or overheating
 Elevate the casualty’s feet higher
than the level of the heart
 NPO to unconscious patient
• FRACTURE- a break in the
continuity of the bone.
Classification of Fracture:

 Close Fracture
 Open fracture
Causes

 Motor vehicle accidents.

 Falls
 Accident related to recreation sports
and activities
 Some results from the very slight
injuries because of brittle or abnormal
bones.
Signs and symptoms
 Deformity
 Tenderness of the affected area.
 Swelling
 Pain
 Presence of protruding bone
 Inability to move the injured part
 Bleeding
 Discoloration of the affected area
First Aid Measures
 Immobilize fracture by splitting.
 Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to
an open wound.
 Treat for shock.
 Give pain reliever if pain is severe.
 Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
 Place the patient on a litter and secured the
injured part enough to keep it from moving
while he is transported.
 Evacuate the patient as soon as possible.
SNAKE BITES

 Venom – a poison secreted by

some animals injected into the
body/victims through bites.

 Types of Snakes:
 Poisonous
 Non-poisonous
 Physical Characteristics

Poisonous Non-poisonous:
 Flat and almost Oval-shaped head.
triangular head shape. No sensory pit.
 With poison sack. No fang mark on
 Slit like pupils. the bite site.
 With sensory pit. Rounded pupils.

 Fang mark on the bite

site.
 Thick bodies.
 Color markings.
Preventive Measures
 Handle freshly killed venomous snake only
with a long tool or stick. Snake can inflict
fatal bites by reflex action even after death.
 Wear heavy boots and clothing for some
protection from snake bites. Keep this in
mind when exposed to hazardous condition.
 Eliminate conditions under which snake
thrive: brush, piles of trash, rocks or logs
and dense undergrowth. Controlling their
foods as much as possible is also good
prevention.
 First Aid Measures
 Have the casualty lie quietly, not to move
other than necessary.
 Do not elevate the bitten extremity, keep
them level with the body.
 Keep the casualty comfortable and
reassure him.
 If the snake bite is on an arm or leg, place
a constricting band about 1-2 finger above
and below the bite. If the bite is on the
hand or foot, place a single band above
the flow of blood near the skin but not
tight enough to interfere with circulation.
First Aid Measures
 If swelling extend beyond the band,
move or place another bond above
the first one.
 Never give the casualty food, alcohol,
stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
 Remove rings, watches or other
jewelry from the affected area.
 Evacuate to the nearest medical
facility as soon as possible.
CAUTION

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CUT OR OPEN

THE BITE NOR SUCK OUT THE
VENOM. IF THE VENOM SHOULD
CREEP THROUGH ANY DAMAGED
OR LACERATED TISSUES IN YOUR
MOUTH, YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY
LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS OR EVEN
DIE. (Ref: FM 21-11)
CLIMATIC INJURIES

• HEAT INJURIES – are environmental

injuries that may result when a
soldier is exposed to extreme heat,
such as from the sun or from high
temperature.
 •Heat Cramps – are caused by not
having enough available salt in the
body.

 Signs and Symptoms:

Muscle cramps in the arms or legs
and/or stomach.
Wet Skin.
Extreme thirst.
 Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area
or improvise shade.
 Loosen clothing.
 Have him/her drink slowly at least
one canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid should cramps
continue.
 •Heat Exhaustion – caused by loss of
water through sweating without adequate
fluid replacement.
•Signs and Symptoms:
Weakness and faintness.
Dizziness or drowsiness.
Cool or moist skin.
Pale.
Headache.
Rapid breathing.
Tingling of hands and feet.
 Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area and have
him lie down.
 Loosen clothing and remove boots.
 Pour water on him and fan him if it is a very hot
day.
 Have him slowly drink one canteen full of water.
 If possible the casualty should not participate in
any vigorous activity for the remainder of the
day.
 Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are
gone. If the symptoms persist; seek medical
•Heat Stroke – this is a medical
emergency and can be fatal if not
treated promptly and correctly. It is
caused by failure of the body’s cooling
mechanism. Inadequate sweating is a
factor.
• Signs and Symptoms:
 Skin is flushed, hot and dry.

 Experiences dizziness, confusion and

headache.

 Respiration and pulse are rapid and

weak.

 Unconsciousness and collapse may

• Treatment:
 Moving the casualty to a shady area.
 Remove outer garments and/or protective
clothing if the situation permits.
 Pour cool water or immerse him and fan
him to permit the cooling effect of
evaporation.
 Elevate his legs.
 If conscious, have him slowly drink at least
one canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid and evacuate the patient
ASAP.
 Perform any necessary life-saving
• Cold Injuries – are most likely to
occur when an unprepared
individual is exposed to winter
temperature. The cold weather and
the type of combat operation in
which the individual is involved
impact on weather he is likely to be
injured and to what extent.
Contributing Factors

 Weather
 Types of combat operation
 Clothing
 Physical make-up
 Psychological factor
• Signs and Symptoms;
 Numbness
 Tingling sensation
 Discoloration of the skin
 Treatment:
 Adequate warming of the affected
part using body heat.
 Injured part should not be massaged,
exposed to fire or stove.
 Walking on injured feet should be
avoided.
• Deep Cold Injury:

 Remove the casualty from the cold.

 Treat deep cold injuries

simultaneously while waiting for
evacuation to a medical facility or
while en route.
 TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY

• TRANSPORTATION – means moving

the casualty from the point of injury
going to the nearest medical facility
where a casualty can receive a
definitive care.

• Transportation of casualties:
 Manual carries
 Litter carries
TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY

• Manual carries - a means of

transportation which provides
comfort to the patient and are less
likely to aggravate injuries.

• Litter carries – a means of

transporting casualty using a
stretcher to carry a sick and
wounded person.
• Litter – a device capable of being
carried by two, four, or six persons
for the purpose of transporting
sick, injured or dead person.
 Proper handling of
casualties
• Evaluate the type and extent of his
injuries.
• Ensure that dressing over the
wounds are adequately reinforce.
• Ensure that fractured bones are
properly immobilize and supported
to prevent them from cutting
muscles, blood vessels and skin.
Factors to be given
considerations
©Strength and endurance of the
bearer.

©Weight of the casualty.

©Nature of the casualty’s injuries.

©Obstacle encountered.
One man Carry
• Fireman’s carry – the easiest way for
one person to carry another.
• Support carry – in this carry the
casualty must be able to walk or at
least hop on one leg using the bearer
as a crutch.
• Arms carry – Useful in carrying a
casualty for a short distance.
One man Carry

• Saddle back Carry – on a conscious

casualty for a short distance.
• Pack Strap Carry – the casualty
weight rest high on the bearers
back , this makes it easier for the
casualty bearer to carry the
casualty for moderate distance.
• Pistol Belt carry – the best one man
carry for a long distance .
One man Carry
• Pistol Belt Drag – these are generally
used for short distance . It is also
useful in combat.
• Neck Drag – this is useful because
the bearer can transport the casualty
when he creeps behind a low wall or
shrubbery or through a culvert.
• Cradle Drop Drag – very effective in
moving casualty up or down steps.
Two-man Carry
• Two-man Support Carry – can be use in
transporting in a conscious or
unconscious casualty .
• Two-man Arms Carry – useful in
carrying casualty for a moderate
distance.
• Two-man Fore – And – Carry – useful in
transporting a casualty for a long
distance.
Two-man Carry

• Two Hand Seat Carry - useful in

carrying a casualty for a short
distance.

• Four Hand Seat Carry – this is a

especially useful in transporting a
casualty with head or foot injury for
a moderate distance.