Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene)
primarily used in the production of plastics,
other industrial chemicals, and as a ripening
agent for fruits and vegetables.
ALKENES
Prepared by:
APOL JOY D. CAGAYAN
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to:
1. Describe alkenes;
2. Write nomenclature and formulas of
unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds;
3. Give some sources of alkenes and
alkadienes;
4. Enumerate the properties of unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
Description
• Alkenes are also called olefins (compounds that
contain only hydrogen and carbon and at least one double or triple
bond).
• Alkenes contain a carbon—carbon double bond.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon (Aliphatic)
• They are more reactive than alkanes
due to the presence of double bonds
• Have lower boiling and melting points than
alkanes
• Alkanes are used in making plastics, fuels, and
industrial chemicals
Structure and Bonding
• Terminal alkenes have the double bond at
the end of the carbon chain.
• Internal alkenes have at least one carbon
atom bonded to each end of the double
bond.
• Cycloalkenes contain a double bond in a
ring.
Nomenclature
• straight-chain and branched-chain alkanes
• can be acyclic (no rings) or cyclic
(cycloalkanes).
• all members have the general formula of
(CnH2n)
• An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains 5 carbons. What is
the formula?
C5H10
• An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains 20 carbons. What
is the formula?
C20H40
The Unbranched Alkenes
Number of Carbons (n) Name Formula (CnH2n)
2 Ethene C2H4
3 Propene C3H6
4 Butene C4H8
5 Pentene C5H10
6 Hexene C6H12
7 Heptene C7H14
8 Octene C8H16
9 Nonene C9H18
10 Decene C10H20
11 Undecene C11H22
12 Dodecene C12H24
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Nomenclature of Alkenes
• Compounds with two double bonds are
named as dienes by changing the “-ane”
ending of the parent alkane to the suffix “–
adiene”. Compounds with three double
bonds are named as trienes, and so forth.
• Always choose the longest chain that
contains both atoms of the double bond.
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Naming an
alkene in
which
the longest
carbon chain
does
not contain
both atoms of
the
double bond
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Naming an
alkene in
which
the longest
carbon chain
does
not contain
both atoms of
the
double bond
Nomenclature of Alkenes
• Compounds that contain both a double bond
and a hydroxy group are named as alkenols and
the chain (or ring) is numbered to give the OH
group the lower number.
Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes
• In naming cycloalkenes, the double bond is
located between C1 and C2, and the “1” is
usually omitted in the name. The ring is
numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to give
the first substituent the lower number.
Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes
Examples of cycloalkene nomenclature
Nomenclature of Cycloalkenes
Nomenclature of Alkenes
2-methylhex-1-ene
5-methylhep-3-ene 2-methyl-1-hexene
2,3-dimethylpent-2-ene
4-methylpent-2-ene
4-methyl-2-pentene
3,4-dimethylpent-2-ene
3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
but-2-ene
A C
A 5-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-heptene
B 3-ethyl-5,6-dimethyl-3-heptene
C 2,3-dimethyl-5-ethyl-3-heptene
D 1,1-diethyl-3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene
B
A 1,1,4,4-tetramethylbuta-1,3-diene
B 2,5-dimethylhexa-3,6-diene
C 3,6-dimethylhexa-2,4-diene
D 2,5-dimethylhexa-2,4-diene
D
A 6-methylcycloocta-1,3,5-triene
B 1-methylcycloocta-1,4,6-triene
C 4-methylcycloocta-1,4,6-triene
D 1-methylcycloocta-1,3,5-triene
D
A 3-bromo-2-methylcyclopent-1-ene
B 3-bromo-4-methylcyclopent-1-ene
C 3-bromo-4-methylcyclopent-1-ene
D 4-bromo-3-methylcyclopent-1-ene
D
A 2,3-dimethylpent-3-ene
B 2,3-dimethylpent-2-ene
C 2,3-dimethylhex-3-ene
D 2,2-dimethylhex-3-ene
B
A 3-ethyl-2-methylhex-1-ene
B 2-ethyl-3-methylhex-1-ene
C 4-ethyl-5-methylhex-5-ene
D 3-ethyl-2-methylhex-2-ene
A
A (i): 2,3-dimethylhex-3-ene
B (i): 4,5-dimethylhex-4-ene
C (i): 2,3-dimethylhex-2-ene
D (i): 4,5-dimethylhex-4-ene
C
A (ii): 2-methylcyclopent-1-ene
B (ii): 3-methylcyclopent-1-ene
C (ii): 3-methylcyclopentene
D (ii): 2-methylcyclopentene
C
A 6-bromo-2,3-dimethyloctene
B 3-bromo-6,7-dimethyl-6-octene
C 6-bromo-2,3-dimethyloct-2-ene
D 2,3-dimethyl-6-bromooct-2-ene
D
A (iii): 3-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexene
B (iii): 2-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexene
C (iii): 3-ethyl-4-methylcyclohex-1-ene
D (iii): 2-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexene
A
B
QUIZ
Physical Properties
• Most alkenes exhibit only weak van der
Waals interactions, so their physical
properties are similar to alkanes of
comparable molecular weight.
• Alkenes have low melting points and
boiling points.
• Melting and boiling points increase as the
number of carbons increases because of
increased surface area.
• Alkenes are soluble in organic solvents
and insoluble in water.
Interesting Alkenes Figure 10.4
Ethylene, an industrial starting
material for many useful
products
Figure 10.5
Interesting Alkenes Five naturally occurring alkenes
Figure 10.5
Interesting Alkenes Five naturally occurring alkenes
Lipids
Lipids
Lipids Figure 10.6
Three-dimensional structure
of four C18 fatty acids
Lipids
• Fats and oils are triglycerols with different physical
properties.
• Fats have higher melting points—they are solids at room
temperature.
• Oils have lower melting points—they are liquids at room
temperature.
• The identity of the three fatty acids in the triacylglycerol
determines whether it is a fat or an oil.
Lipids
• Increasing the number of double bonds in the fatty acid
side chains decreases the melting point of the
triacylglycerol.
• Fats are derived from fatty acids having few or no
double bonds.
• Oils are derived from fatty acids having a larger number
of double bonds.
• Saturated fats are typically obtained from animal
sources, whereas unsaturated oils are common in
vegetable sources. An exception to this generalization is
coconut oil, which is largely composed of saturated alkyl
side chains.
SUMMARY
• Alkenes are a group of unsaturated hydrocarbons that
contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
They follow the general formula Cn(H2n).
• Key Characteristics:
• Unsaturated: Contains a double bond
• Simplest alkene: Ethene (C2H4)
• Physical Properties:
• Generally non-polar
• Low boiling and melting points (increase with
molecular weight)
• Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
• Chemical Properties:
• Very reactive due to the double bond
• Uses:
• Production of plastics
A 4-methyl-3-ethyldec-3-en-8-yne
B 3-ethyl-4-methyldec-3-en-8-yne
C 8-ethyl-7-methyldec-7-en-2-yne
D 8-ethyl-7-methyl-dec-7-ene-2-yne
ABCD
A 6-chloro-2,2-dimethylhept-4-yne
B 2-chloro-5-isopropylhex-4-yne
C 2-chloro-5,6-dimethylhept-3-yne
D 2-chloro-6,6-methylhept-4-yne
C
A 2-chloro-non-4-yne
B 2-chlorodec-4-yne
C 2-chloroundec-6-yne
D 9-chlorodec-6-yne
B
A 4-ethyl-3,7-dimethylnon-5-yne
B 6-ethyl-3,7-methylnon-4-yne
C 6-ethyl-3,7-dimethylnon-4-yne
D 3,7-dimethyl6-ethyl-non-4-yne
ABCD
A 4-ethyl-3,7-dimethylnon-5-yne
B 6-ethyl-3,7-methylnon-4-yne
C 6-ethyl-3,7-dimethylnon-4-yne
D 3,7-dimethyl6-ethyl-non-4-yne
ABCD
A 5-ethyl-1-chloro-4-iodohept-2-yne
B 5-ethyl-4-iodo1-chlorohept-1-yne
C 5-ethyl-2-chloro-3-iodohept-1-yne
D 1-chloro-5-ethyl-4-iodohept-1-yne
ABCD
A 1-chloro-3-ethylhex-5-yne
B 6-chloro-3-ethylhexyne
C 6-chloro-4-ethylhex-1-yne
D 1-chloro-4-ethylhex-1-yne
ABCD
A 6,9-dichloro-6-methyldec-2-ene
B 6,9-dichloro-6-methyldec-2-yne
C 6,9-dichloro-6-methyldecane
D 2,5-dichloro-5-methyldec-8-yne
ABCD
A 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-8-methyldec-4-ene
B 8-ethyl-4-isopropyl-3-methyldec-6-yne
C 3-ethyl-7-isopropyl-8-methyldec-4-yne
D 5-ethyl-7-isopropyl-9-methyldec-4-yne
ABCD
A 3,4-diethylhept-2-yne
B 3,4-diethylhex-1-yne
C 3,4-diethylhex-2-yne
D 3,4-ethylhex-1-yne
ABCD
