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IIT Bombay

Course Code : EE 611

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: Jayanta Mukherjee

Email: [email protected]

Lecture 12

EE 611 Lecture 12 Jayanta Mukherjee

 Page 2
IIT Bombay
Topics Covered

• Resonators

• Capacitively coupled resonators

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 3

Review of Circuit Resonators

• In EM field theory sense resonance implies that a device
has the ability to store large and equal amounts of Electrical
and magnetic energy with only a small loss

• Because the behavior is in a narrow bandwidth it is appropriate

to have a circuit analog of such devices. Circuit models are
applicable only for narrow bandwidth

• Two models of resonance are present – series and parallel

• Series = Low impedance, Parallel = High Impedance

• At resonance energy stored in capacitor balances that stored in

inductor. Energy loss is due to resistor

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 4

Series RLC Resonator

 A series RLC circuit including a generator is given by
 Defining R T  R  R G the impedance to the source is then
ZT
 1  RG R L
Z T  RT  j  L  
 C 
VG C

 The resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances
1
cancel.Solving we find r  . At r , the impedance is purely real and
LC
Z T  R T R T is small in high quality series resonators.
 We can simplify the impedance as :
j r L  1    r 
Z T R T   L    RT  jr L  
r L  C   r  
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 5

Loaded and Unloaded Q definition

 The following quality factors are defined ZT

r L RG R L

QU  the " unloaded quality factor"

R
VG C
r L
QE  the " external quality factor"
RG
ωr L
QL  the " unloaded quality factor"
R  RG
where r 1/ LC is the resonant frequency of the series resonator
 From these definitions it follows that
1 1 1
 
QL QU QE
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 6

Series RLC Resonator

 Using the loaded quality factor Q L r L/R T we can write ZT as :
  r     r  
ZT R T  jr L   Z T RT  1  jQL    
 
 r      r   
 r ZT

 Introducing  f   , we have RG R L

r 
ZT R T 1  jQL f   f  1 for   r VG C

 So for slight deviation f r  f we have :

1
f f r  f   f   f   f 
 f  -  1     1    1     1  
fr f  f   f   f   f 
2f 2
f  
fr r
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 7

3 dB Bandwidth
ZT
 The power dissipated in the entire circuit is RG R L

2
1 2  1  R G VG
Pdiss  VG Re  
 
VG C
2 2
2 Z
 T 2 1  Q Lε f
using Z T  R T 1  jQ L  f 
 The power dissipated will be maximum at resonance
 r for which  f 0 
 As the frequency deviates from resonance, we will obtain one
half the power dissipated when Z T  R T 1  j which occurs when
1 ωr fr
Q L ε f  1  Q L    Δ  1
ε f 2ω BW3 dB
 Thus the loaded quality factor Q L is seen to be equal to the inverse
of the fractional 3 dB bandwidth 
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 8

3 dB Bandwidth(2)
 If we define f1 and f 2 as the two frequencies at which the power
dissipated drops by 3 dB then the fractional bandwidth is :
BW3 dB f 2  f1
Δ 
fr fr
 Setting - Q L ε f1 Q L ε f2 we can easily verify that f r  f1f 2
 It results further that Z T  R T 1  jQ L  f   RT 1  j  for
1   1 for f f1
Q L   f   f 
   1 for f f 2

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 9

More General definition of Q factor

 A more general definition of the quality factor for any resonator is :
Energy stored in Resonant circuit
Q U r
Power Loss in the Resonant circuit r

Energy stored in Resonant circuit

Q E r
Power Loss in the External circuit r

Energy stored in Resonant circuit

Q L r
Total Power Loss r

These quantities are determined from the complex power :

1
PC  VI*  PL  2jωWm  We  where Wm and We are
2
respectively the magnetic and electric energy stored in the resonator
1 2 1 2
Wm  
4 e
 H dv and We  
4 e
 E dv

 Internal and external losses PL are selected as appropriate for loaded, internal
or external Q' s
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 10

Application of the general formula

RG R L
+ V -
 For the series resonator we have, R IL
+
VC C
1 2 1 2 1 2
VG
We  C VC , Wm  L I L and PL  R VR -
4 4 2
with VC the voltage across the capacitor, I L the current across the inductor,
and VR the voltage across the resistor.
 Since at resonance Wm We and VR /VC RjC
Energy stored in Resonant Circuit We  Wm
Q U ω r ω r
Power Loss in the Resonant Circuit ωr PL ωr

1 2
2  C VC 2
4 VC 1 ωr L
 ω r RC  
1 2 VR ω r CR R
R VR
2
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 11

Another definition of Q
 For more complex circuits the following definition comes handy
 r
Starting with Z T R T 1  jQ L ε f  R T  jX with  f  
r 
d f 2 dX d RT QL f  2QL RT
 Using  we can find  
d r r d r d r
r
where we assumed that R T is weakly frequency dependent around r
 It results that :
1 ω r dX 1 ω r dX 1 ω r dX
QU  QE  and Q L 
2 R dω ωωr 2 R G dω ωωr 2 R T dω ωωr

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 12

Shunt RLC Resonator

YT

IG GG G C
L

 Defining G T G  G G the admittance to the source is then

 1 
YT G T  j C - 
 L 
 The resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive susceptances
1
cancel. Solving we find r  . At r , the admittance is purely real and
LC
YT G T
 We can simplify the admittance as :
YT G T 1  jQ L  f 
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 13

Loaded and Unloaded Q definition

 We define the following quality factors :
C
QU  r the " unloaded quality factor"
G
r C
QE  the " external quality factor"
GG
r C
QE  the " loaded quality factor"
G  GG
where r 1/ LC is the resonant frequency of the shunt resonator
 Expressing YT G T  jB we can define the Q in terms of the susceptance B :
1 ω r dB 1 ω r dB 1 ω r dB
QU  QE  QL 
2 G dω ω ω r 2 G G dω ω ω r 2 G T dω ω ω r
 Large Q values indicate a device which can store large amounts of energy
with only slight dissipation : higher " quality"resonators
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 14

Transmission Line Resonators

 A shorted (or open) transmission line shows a resonant behavior at n0 :
   r vp 
Zin  jZ 0 tan  l  jZ 0 tan   using l   and  
 2 0  4 4 0 vp
 For a lossless shorted line we have Zin  jZ 0 tan  l and we have a series
resonancefor   n (l  n/2 or  2n  10 ) and shunt resonance
for  n  1/2 l n  1/2 / 2 or   2n0 
Im[Zin(ω)]

open

Inductive
Open

λ/4 λ/2 3λ/4 λ

Z0 Short l
l 2ω0
ω0 3ω0
ω
4ω0
Z0 short
Capacitive

π/2 3π/2 θ
π 2π

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 15

Physical Transmission Line Resonator

 A completely lossless line would have infinite unloaded Q. Since design has
to be realistic, small line losses are included
 Input impedance of a lossy line of length l is given by :
Z L  Z 0 tanh γt
Z in  Z 0
Z 0  Z L tanh γa
where Z 0 can be complex and    j is the complex propagation
constant on the line
 A line which is short circuited (Z L 0) will have
tanh αl  jtan βl 
Z in  Z 0 tanh α  jβ l  Z 0
1  jtanh αl  tan βl 

EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 16

Shorted Line Resonator

 Since we expect the loss will be small, we can use tanh(l) l to get
tanh αl  jtan βl  αl  jtan βl 
Zin  Z 0 Z0
1  jtanh αl tan βl  1  jl tan βl 
Zin Z 0 αl  j Z0 tan βl   R  jX
when αl tan βl   1
 We have series resonance when  r l  n. (i.e. the line is a multiple of a
half wavelength long). The equivalent resonator resistance is : R  Z 0 l
RG RG

Z0 β α R
Short X

l
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 17

Q of Shorted Line
 Consider the case of series resonance ( r l  n) for a shorted line. We can
find Q U using
1 r dX 1  r dX
QU   using  /v p
2 R d r 2 R d r

 Since Z in  R  jX  Z 0  l  j Z 0 tan(l) and tan βl  β  β r l around

the resonance, we can evaluate the unloaded Q to be :
1  r d Z 0 tan l  r 
QU   
2 Z 0 l d  
2  r 
r

 Large values of Q U are possible for transmission lines because near

lossless lines are practical. For  0.005 Np/m and f r  2 GHz,  r 0.15 m
we have Q U  4000
 Q U can be increases by decreasing the loss factor .
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 18

Open Line Resonator

 An open transmission line shows a resonant behavior at n0 :
 ω  λr vp 
Yin  jY0 tan l  jY0 tan   using l   and  
 2 ω0  4ω 0 4ω 0 vp
 For a lossless open line we have Yin  jY0 tan l and we have a shunt
resonance for   n (l  n/2 or  2n  1 0 ).
Im[Yin(ω)]
Open
Open Line short

Inductive
Z0 λ/4 λ/2 3λ/4 λ
l
2ω0
l ω0 3ω0
ω
4ω0
open
Capacitive

π/2 3π/2 θ
π 2π
1
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 19

Open Line Resonator

Open
Open Line
Z0 Z0 β α
Open
l GG GG G B

1
l
 The open line resonator admits its shunt resonance at   n(or l /2)
 The admittance of an open resonator including loss is :
Y  Y0 tanhαl  jl  Y0 αl  jY0 tan βl G  jB
 The unloaded Q is the same as for the shorted line resonator
1 r dB  
QU   
2 G d r 2  r 
n Y0
 The loaded Q will also be small : Q L Q E 
2 GG
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 20

Capacitively coupled open line

Resonators Open Circuit
Feed Line Gap Resonator
Z0 Z1

l
C

Z0 Z1 Open

 An effective way to couple a source to a microstrip is by simply leaving a

" gap" between the feed and resonator
 For the combined resonator plus capacitance circuit, we obtain resonance
when
1
X in -  Z1cot β r l 0 Note Zin  jX in
ωr C
 A lossless formula is used
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 21

Capacitively coupled open line

Resonators
 The resonance of this device will be series because a low input impedance will
be obtained. We are " inverting" the resonance from series to parallel by adding
the capacitor.
 If we plot 1/C and - Z1cot βl  Z1 cot ωl/v p , the point of intersection is
the new resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is lowered by the
Im[Zin(ω)]
capacitor. Open 1/ωC

Z1
3λ/4
λ/4 λ/2 λ
l
l
ω
4ω0

Z0 θ
π/2 3π/2 2π

1
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee
IIT Bombay Page 22

External Q of Capacitively coupled open

line Resonators
 This resonator will have a fairly high external Q because its reactance X in
is varying rapidly with frequency.
ω r dX in ωr d  1 
QE     Z1cot ωd/v p 
2Z0 dω ω ω r 2Z0 dω  ωC  ω ω r
d
 Since cotx   cosec2 x, we can work out that
dx
Z1  X cr 
 X 2 
cr  1
QE    β r l 1  2  where X cr 
2Z0  Z1  Z  r C
 1 
 For a high Q U resonator, Q L Q E so this equation defines the loaded
Q performance. Theoretically we can have Q L approaching Q U (high value)
by reducing C
EE 611 Lecture 12
10 Jayanta
Jayanta Mukherjee
Mukherjee