DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE

AND COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

COURSE & SEMESTER

II BCA
SUBJECT Data Base Management System

SUBJECT CODE BCA204T

FACULTY NAME Dr .Salini Suresh

Database Management System
 Syllabus
UNIT – 1 Chapter 1-Databases and Database Users:

Introduction, An example, Characteristics of the Database Approach,

Actors on the Scene, Workers behind the Scene, Advantages of Using
DBMS Approach, A Brief History of Database Applications, When Not to
Use a DBMS.
 Introduction

Database is a collection of related data.

Database management system is software designed to assist the maintenance

and utilization of large scale collection of data.

DBMS came into existence in 1960

Integrated data store which is also called as the first general purpose DBMS.

Again in 1960 IBM brought IMS-Information management system.

In 1970 Edgor Codd at IBM came with new database called RDBMS.

In 1980 then came SQL Architecture- Structure Query Language.

In 1980 to 1990 there were advances in DBMS e.g. DB2, ORACLE.

 Definitions

 DATA: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images,

sound, video segments or

 Data : Known facts that can be recorded and that

have implicit meaning.

 Information: Data processed to be useful in

decision making

 Database: An organized collection of logically

related data or Database is a collection of related

data
 Definitions

 Database Management System (DBMS):

facilitate the
A software package/ system to
creation and maintenance of a
computerized database.

 Database System:

The DBMS software together with the data

itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.
 An example,
• For example,
• a university database might contain
information about the following:
• Entities such as students, faculty and courses.

• Relationships between entities, such as
– students' enrollment in courses,
– faculty teaching courses
File processing systems

Duplicate Data
 Disadvantages of File Processing

• Program-Data Dependence
• All programs maintain metadata for each file
they use
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
• Different systems/programs have separate
copies of the same data
• Limited Data Sharing
• No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
• Programmers must design their own file
formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
 DATABASE

• A database is a collection of related data

with an implicit meaning .
• Data : facts and figures that can be
recorded and that have implicit meaning.
• EG: the names, telephone numbers, and
addresses of the people you know.
• You may have recorded this data in
• indexed address book,
• or you may have stored it on a diskette,
using a personal computer and software
such as DBASE IV or V, Microsoft ACCESS, or EXCEL.
Example of a simple
database

Slide 1- 11
Implicit properties of Database

 A database represents some aspect of the real world,

sometimes called the mini world. Changes to the mini
world are reflected in the database.
 A database is a logically coherent collection of data
with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of
data cannot correctly be referred to as a database.
 A database is designed, built, and populated with
data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group
of users and some preconceived applications in which
these users are interested.
Data Redundancy-example
DATA REDUNDANCY
 Characteristics of the Database Approach
1. Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of the database.
The description is called meta-data.

Database contains not only the database itself but also a

complete definition or description of the database
structure and constraints

This allows the DBMS software to work with

different databases.

The Software or programs must work equally well

with any number of database applications as long as
the database definition is stored in the catalog.
Characteristics of the Database Approach

2.Insulation between programs and data:

Called
program-data independence.

Allows changing data storage structures and

operations without having to change the
DBMS access programs.

• Program data independency means the

structure of data files is stored in DBMS
catalog.
Allows changing in data storage structures
and operations without having to change
the DBMS access programs.
Characteristics of the Database Approach
3.Data Abstraction:

A data model is used to hide storage

details and present the users with a
conceptual/abstract view of the database.

4.Support of multiple views of the data:

Each user may see a different view of the

database, which describes only the
data of interest to that user.

5.Sharing of data and multi-user

transaction processing Allowing a set
of concurrent users to retrieve and to
update the database. Eg: Airlines
Reservation
 Metadata

Descriptions of the properties or

characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and
documentation
 • Define database (2m)
• Explain properties of
Database(3m)
• List and explain main
characteristics of Database
approach (5m)
 Database Management
System

• A database management system (DBMS) is a

collection of programs that enables users to create
and maintain a database.

• The DBMS is hence a general-purpose software

system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, and manipulating databases for
various applications.
 Database Management
System
• Defining a database involves specifying the data
types, structures, and constraints for the data
to be stored in the database.

• Constructing the database is the process

of storing the data itself on some storage
medium that is controlled by the DBMS.

• Manipulating a database includes such

functions as querying the database to retrieve
specific data, updating the database to reflect
changes in the miniworld, and generating
reports from the data.
  Examples of Traditional Data Base management
System:

1. Student Data base

2. University Data Base
3. Library Management System
4. Employee Data Base

 Examples of Advanced Data Base management

System:

1.Mobile Data Base

2. Multi media Data Base
3. Web Data Base
4. Weather Forecasting Data Base
 DBMS FUNCTIONS

1. Data Definition: The DBMS provides functions to define

the structure of the data in the application. These include
defining and modifying the record structure, the type and
size of fields and the various constraints to be satisfied by
the data in each field

2. Data Manipulation: Once the data structure is defined,

data needs to be inserted, modified or deleted. These
functions which perform these operations are part of DBMS.
 DBMS FUNCTIONS
3.
Data Security & Integrity: The DBMS contains modules which
handle the security and integrity of data in the application.

4. Data Recovery and Concurrency: Recovery of the data after

system failure and concurrent access of records by multiple
users is also handled by DBMS.

5. Data Dictionary Maintenance: Maintaining the data

dictionary which contains the data definition of the
application is also one of the functions of DBMS.
Explain any five functions of DBMS (5m)
Applications of Database System
• Banking
• Airlines
• University
• Railways
• Finance
• Sales
• Telecommunication
• Pay roll system
• Manufacturing
Evolution-of-database-management-systems
 DBMS USERS:
The DBMS users are divided into

1. Actors on the scene

2. Workers behind the scene

 DBMS USERS:

1.Actors on the Scene:

These are the users who control the database.

i) DBA (DATA BASE ADMINISTRATOR)

ii) Data Base Designers

iii) End- Users

2. Workers behind the scene:

These are the users who are associated with the

development & operation of DBMS.

i) Tool Developers

ii) Operators and Maintenance Personnel

iii) DBMS System implementers

 Database Users

Actors on the Scene

1.Database Administrator (DBA): DBA is a person
who is responsible for
• authorizing access to the database,
• coordinating and monitoring its use,
• and acquiring software and hardware
resources as needed.
• 2. Database Designers: are responsible for
• identifying the data to be stored and for
choosing an appropriate way to organize it.
• They also define views for different categories
of users.
 Actors on the Scene
3.End Users: These are persons who access
the database for
querying, updating, and report
generation.

a. Casual end users

b. Naive/Parametric end users
c. Sophisticated end users
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
a. Casual end users:

use database occasionally, needing

different information each time; use query
language to specify their requests;

eg:
middle- or high-level managers.
IRCTC Booking
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
b.Naive/Parametric end users:

Typically the biggest group of users;

frequently query/update the database using

standard canned transactions that have
been carefully programmed and tested in
advance.

Eg: bank tellers check account

balances, post withdrawals/deposits,
reservation clerks for airlines, hotels, etc.,
check availability of seats/rooms and make
reservations.
 Actors on the Scene- End Users
c. Sophisticated end users:

engineers, scientists, business analysts who

implement their own applications to meet
their complex needs.
Stand-alone users: Use "personal"
databases, possibly employing a special-
purpose (e.g., financial) software package.
Mostly maintain personal databases using
ready-to-use packaged applications.

Eg: tax program user that creates its own

internal database.
 Database Administrator (DBA)

The DBA is a person or a group of persons who is responsible

for the management of the database.

The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the database

by grant and revoke permissions to
the users, for coordinating and monitoring its use,
managing backups and repairing damage due to
hardware and/or software failures and
for acquiring hardware and
software resources as needed.

In case of small organization the role of DBA is performed by

a single person and in case of large organizations there is a
group of DBA's who share responsibilities.
2. Workers behind the scene:
These are the users who are associated with the
development & operation of DBMS.

 DBMS system designers & implementers : Are persons

who design and implement the DBMS modules &
interfaces as a s/w package.

 Tools Developers: Persons who design & implement

tools the S/w facilitate DB systems design and use, and
help improve performance. Tools are optional package
that are often purchased separately.

 Operators & maintenance personnal are the system

administration personnel who are responsible for the
actual running' & maintenance of the h/w s/w
environment for the database system.
• Explain roles and responsibilities of DBA (5m)

• Explain different people behind DBMS (8m)

• Explain DB users (5 or 8m)

When not to use a DBMS

a) Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:

i) High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware.

ii) Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control,
recovery, and integrity functions.

b) When a DBMS may be unnecessary:

i) If the database and applications are simple, well defined and not
expected to change.
ii) If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met
because of DBMS overhead.
iii)If access to data by multiple users is not required.

c) When no DBMS may be sufficient:

i) If the database system is not able to handle the complexity of data
because of modeling limitations
ii) If the database users need special operations not supported by
theDBMS