CCNA 200-

125
Network Topology
MODULE 2:
 Network Topologies
Network Topology is the schematic description of a network
arrangement, connecting various nodes (sender and receiver) through
lines of connection.
Small and medium-sized companies have Network infrastructure which
can total ten or more networking and computing devices (computers,
servers, printers, telephones, routers, fax machines, scanners, etc.)
All elements of a network have their own settings configured for fast
and reliable service or Communication.
As a company grows, it is necessary to incorporate new devices into the
network, update existing devices, change the network topology, and
even add new subnets.
Changing the configuration of the network is only possible if there is
documentation of the operating infrastructure.
 Types of Network
Topology
1. BUS Topology
◦ Linear Bus topology.

2. TREE Topology
◦ Extended Bus Topology

3. RING Topology
◦ DUAL RING Topology

4. STAR Topology
5. MESH Topology
6. HYBRID Topology
 BUS Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network
device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints,
then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Features of Bus Topology

 It transmits data only in one direction.
 Every device is connected to a single cable & PC use T-Type Connector to Connect
 In Every Cable End Points are Closed with Terminator
Component's used in
Bus Topology
BNC Connector is use to connect PC LAN Card.

Co-axial cable is used as a Media in Bus Topology.

T-Type Connector is used to connect Computer.

Cable Connector is used to Extend the Cable Length.

In BUS Topology a Terminator is used at each end of the Cable

To absorb unused Signals, So that they cannot create any Loops.
 Advantages of Bus
Topology
It is cost effective.
Cable required is low compared to other network topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to install a network.
Easy to expand joining two cables together.
 Disadvantages of Bus
Topology
Cables fails then whole network fails.
And it will create Separate Segments.
If network traffic is heavy on the nodes the performance of the
network decreases.
Cable has a limited length.
C0-axial Cable Support maximum 500 Meters.
It is slower than other topologies.
All Computers are depended on Single Cable.
 TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
It is also called hierarchical topology or Extended Bus Topology It should
at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
2. Used for Large Network.
3. It is the Example of LAN & CAN.
 Advantages of Tree
Topology
Extension of bus and star topologies.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.
 Disadvantages of
Tree Topology
Heavily cabled Network.
Costly then BUS and Start.
If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult for Administrator.
Central cable or hub fails, All network fails.
 RING Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Features of Ring Topology

1. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then
the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node.
Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
2. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass
through each node of the network, till the destination node.
3. Depending on the type of network card used in each computer of the ring topology, a coaxial
cable or a RJ-45 network cable is used to connect computers together.
 Advantages of Ring
Topology
1. Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes,
as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
2. Cheap to install and expand the Network Topology.
3. All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet collisions.
4. Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
2. Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
3. Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
4. The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the network is
more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.
 DUAL Ring Topology
A network topology in which two concentric rings connect each node on a
network instead of one network ring that is used in a ring topology. Typically, the
secondary ring in a dual-ring topology is redundant.
It is used as a backup in case the primary ring fails. In these configurations, data
moves in opposite directions around the rings. Each ring is independent of the
other until the primary ring fails and the two rings are connected to continue the
flow of data traffic.
Features of Ring Topology
The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2
connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite
direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to
keep the network up.
Dual Ring Topology Advantages And
Disadvantages
Dual Ring topology advantages include:

1. Speed and reliability

2. Uninterrupted long distance communication
3. Terminators are not required

Dual Ring topology disadvantages include:

1. Network issues from bad ports or malfunctioning Media Access Unit

(MAU) cards
2. Negative network impact from any added, altered or damaged device
 STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub
through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are
connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology
1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
STAR Topology Advantages And
Disadvantages
Advantages of Star Topology

1.Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.

2.Hub can be upgraded easily.
3.Easy to troubleshoot.
4.Easy to setup and modify.
5.Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

6.Cost of installation is high.

7.Expensive to use.
8.If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
9.Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity
 MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network
nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has physical channels to all link and
devices of the Network.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
MESH Topology: Routing
In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements.
Like routing logic to direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest
distance. Or, routing logic which has information about the broken links, and it
avoids those node etc. We can even have routing logic, to re-configure the
failed nodes.
MESH Topology: Flooding
In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no
routing logic is required. The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose
the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.
Types of Mesh Topology
1.Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in
the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or
three devices.
2.Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each
other.

Features of Mesh Topology

3.Fully connected.
4.Robust.
5.Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

6.Each connection can carry its own data load.
7.It is robust.
8.Fault is diagnosed easily.
9.Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

10.Installation and configuration is difficult.
11.Cabling cost is more.
12.Bulk wiring is required.
 HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more
topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology
is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these
topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology

1.It is a combination of two or topologies

2.Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the
topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

3.Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.

4.Effective.
5.Scalable as size can be increased easily.
6.Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

7.Complex in design.
8.Costly.