Group Members
• Saddiqa Ishfaq
• Sabia Zahid
• Maha Ashraf
• Ansa Shahzadi
• Nimra Bibi
Physical Chemistry
Chemistry of Forensic Analysis
Outline:
• Introduction
• Role in Investigation
• Methods used in Forensic Analysis
• Spectroscopy
• Chromatography
• Electrophoresis
• Forensic Toxicology
• Classification of poisons
• Conclusion
Forensic Analysis
Forensic Analysis:
Forensic analysis means investigating evidence scientifically to
find out the truth in legal cases, especially in crime
investigations.
Role in Investigation
Role in Investigation
•In Fire Explosive
•In Bomb Blast
•To Investigate Poisons
•In DNA Analysis
•In Fingerprint Analysis
Investigation
Methods
1- Spectroscopy:
FTIR:
• Use of Infrared light to identify
a substance.
• Used in
Pharmaceutical Analysis
AAS:
• Use to determine the
elements that make up the
analyzed sample.
2- CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography:
• It is a biophysical technique that enables
separation, identification and purification
of the components of a mixture.
• The separation is based on the differential
partitioning between the Mobile phase
and the Stationary phase.
• Example:
• To identify and compare samples of drugs,
explosives, inks and biological samples such
as saliva, urine, blood and other.
Types of Chromatography
1- Gas Chromatography:
• Gas chromatography is technique used to
separate and purify individual components
from mixture of compounds that can be
vaporized. The separation is carried out in
a column.
• Application: Used for analyzing volatile
substances like drugs, toxins, and
explosives.
• Process: The sample is vaporized and
carried by a gas through a
chromatographic column where separation
occurs based on boiling points and
interactions with the stationary phase.
Paper Chromatography
2- Paper Chromatography:
•Application: Used for the
analysis of inks, dyes, and some
biological samples.
•Process: A sample is applied
to a piece of chromatography
paper and placed in a solvent.
The solvent moves up the
paper, carrying different
components at different rates.
3- Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is a
technique used in
forensic analysis to
separate and analyze
molecules, such as DNA,
RNA, and proteins,
based on their size and
charge.
Sample Preparation
Gel Preparation
Working of Loading Samples
Electrophoresis: Application of Electric Field
Separation
Staining and Visualization
Types of
Electrophoresis:
1. Agarose Gel
Electrophoresis
2. Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis
3. Capillary Electrophoresis
Applications in
Forensic Analysis
• DNA Profiling
• Paternity Testing
• Mitochondrial DNA
Analysis
• Protein Analysis
• Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology to
aid medical or legal investigation of death,
poisoning, and drug use.
Forensic Toxicology: • Toxicology is the "science of poisons". It is the
study of toxic and irritant effects of chemicals
on living organisms.
Classification
of Poisons:
Mode of Action
Physical State
Medical Classification
Toxic Analytical Classification
Mode of Action
A mode of action defines
a functional or
anatomical modification,
at the cellular level,
stemming from the
exposure of a living
organism to a material or
a substance.
Poisons are classified into three groups:
• Corrosive Poisons:
• A corrosive poison is simply a highly active
irritant and produces inflammation.
• Irritant Poisons:
• Irritant poisons causes pain in abdomen,
vomiting and purging.
• Systematic poisons:
• This class of poisons directly affects the main
organs of the body system.
Physical State:
• Solids: Poisons that have a fixed shape or
volume.
• Liquids: Poisons that take the shape of the
container.
• Gases: Poisons that expand to fill their
container.
• Vapors: Poisons that come from solids or
liquids.
• Aerosols: These are suspended solid or liquid
particles in air.
• Solutions: Poisons that mixed with water/ other
solvents.
Medical
Classification:
• Biological Samples: Testing blood,
and saliva for DNA to identify
people.
• Tissues and Bones: Examining
remaining particles.
• Trace Evidence: Analyzing tiny
materials like hair or fibers.
• Chemical Residues: Testing for
substances like explosives or drugs
found at the scene.
• Environmental Samples: Studying
soil or water.
• Collect Samples: Take blood, urine,
or environmental samples like soil
and water.
• Detect and Identify: Use
techniques like chromatography
and mass spectrometry to find and
identify the chemicals.
Analytical
• Measure Amounts: Determine how
Classification much of the toxic substance is
present.
• Analyze Results: Understand what
the results mean and how the
toxins could have affected
someone.
References:
• FORENSIC CHEMISTRY PPT. (2019, December 20). [Slide show].
SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/muzammil-208029221/208029221
• BASICS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THEIR FORENSIC
APPLICATION.pptx. (2022, June 28). [Slide show]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/basics-of-chromatography-and-their-for
ensic-applicationpptx/252076333
• Forensic Chemical Analysis | Office of Justice Programs. (n.d.).
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/forensic-chemical-analysis
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