Generator protection

Presented by

Bipasha Jash (PEE)

NTPC

Classification of Generator Protection

Stator Protection Generator Abnormal Operating conditions System back up protections Rotor protection GT protections UT protections

Over view of type of fault Vs protection

FAULT/ABNORMAL CONDITION Thermal over loading EFFECT Over heating of stator winding/ insulation failure PROTECTION Thermo couples/ Over current relays

External fault Stator fault Ph to Ph/Ph to E Inter turn Rotor fault Motoring O/V,O/F,U.F Loss of field

Unbalanced loading stress Winding burn out Welding of core lamination

Over load/negative phase sequence relay Differential prot 100% E/F prot/95% E/F Inter turn prot 2 stage rotor E/F protection LFPR/Rev power O/V relay Volt/Hz relay U/F relay Loss of field

Damage to shaft/bearing Insulation failure,Heating of core failure of blades Induction gen operation Absorb MVAR from system/damage to rotor wdg

Generator Connection Methods

The protection scheme depends on the type of generator connection A) Unit scheme: In this scheme no switchgear is provided between the generator and generator transformer, which are treated as a unit; a unit transformer is tapped off the interconnection for supply of power to auxiliary plant. B) Generator circuit breaker scheme: In this scheme a generator circuit breaker is provided between the generator and generator transformer.

TRIP LOGIC OF GENERATOR PROTECTION

TWO INDEPENDENT CHANNELS WITH INDEPENDENT CT/VT INPUTS/DC SUPPLY/TRIP RELAY CLASS A TRIP
ALL ELECTRICAL TRIPS TRIP TURBINE, GENERATOR, GT, UT

CLASS-B TRIP
MECHANICAL TRIPS AVOID OVER SPEEDING OF TURBINE DUE TO STEAM ENTRAPPED IN TURBINE. TURBINE TRIP SIGNAL IS GIVEN FIRST AND THE ACTIVE POWER, SENSED BY THE LOW FORWARD RELAY (32G) GIVES THE TRIP SIGNAL TO THE UNIT BREAKER & FIELD BREAKER AFTER A TIME DELAY

Class C
TRIPS ONLY HV CB IN CASE OF GCB SCHEME

Typical Generator protection scheme

GENERATOR PROTECTIONS NTPC PRACTICES

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
UNIT TYPE PROTECTION INSTANTANEOUS IN OPERATION. COVERS THE STATOR WDG FOR PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS.

SINGLE PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS ARE NOT COVERED IN HIGH IMP EARTHING SYSTEMS (EARTH CURRENT IS LOW)
DUPLICATED DIFF USED FOR GCB SCHEME TYPICAL SETTING: HIGH IMP TYPE: 5% BIASED 10%

STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

E/F CURRENT IS LIMITTED TO 10A THIS MINIMIZES THE DAMAGE FIRST FAULT LESS CRITICAL NEEDS CLEARANCE AS IT MAY DEVELOP INTO A PH TO PH FAULT SECOND FAULT WILL RESULT IN VERY HIGH CURRENT FIRE MAY RESULT FROM EARTH FAULT. TWO TYPES: 100 % E/F 95 % E/F

95 % STATOR E/F
RESULTS IN VOLTAGE SHIFT OF GEN NEUTRAL W.R.T. GROUND DETECTED BY OVER VOLTAGE RELAY CONNECTED ACROSS GROUNDING RESISTOR PROTECTS APPROX 95% OF STATOR WDG TYP SETTING: 5V TIME DELAY OF MORE THAN 1 SEC(GEN IDMT RELAY WITH PMS 5.4 AND TMS 1 IS USED)

100% Stator E/F Protection

THIRD HARMONIC PRINCIPLE A RELAY WHICH RESPONDS TO THE REDUCTION OF THE 3RD HARMONIC COMPONENT A STATOR PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT OCCURS AT OR NEAR THE GENERATOR NEUTRAL, THERE WILL BE AN INCREASE IN THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT THE GENERATOR TERMINALS, WHICH WILL CAUSE RELAY OPERATION. DISADVANTAGES DUE TO DESIGN VARIATIONS, CERTAIN GENERATING UNITS MAY NOT PRODUCE SUFFICIENT THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGES THIS METHOD DOES NOT PROTECT THE M/C DURING STAND STILL CONDITIONS.

100 % Stator E/F protection

LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION PRINCIPLE THIS SCHEME DETECTS THE GROUND FAULTS BY INJECTING A LOW FREQUENCY SIGNAL (SAY 20 HZ)AT THE NEUTRAL EARTHING TRFR OR LINE CONNECTED EARTHING TRFR AND MONITOR EITHER THE EARTH CURRENT IN THE WDG(INCREASES DURING A FAULT) OR THE STATOR EARTH RESISTANCE (REDUCES DURING FAULT) PROVIDES PROTECTION EVEN DURING SHUT DOWN
SETTINGS TYPICAL FOR 500 MW UNIT 14 mA /1 sec (current setting ) OR Trip : 10 Ohm/1 sec Alarm : 20 ohm/10 sec( for Imp measuring relay SETTINGS ARE TO BE FINALISED DURING COMMISSIONING TEST IN LINE WITH INSTRUCTIONS OF RELAY CATALOGUE.

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

FIRST ROTOR E/F DOES NOT CAUSE IMMEDIATE DAMAGE SECOND E/F RESULTS IN A WDG SC OF ROTOR CAUSE MAGNETIC UNBALANCE/MECH FORCES /DAMAGE METHODS OF DETECTION POTENTIOMETER METHOD
A CENTRE TAPED RESISTOR IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE MAIN FIELD WINDING THE CENTRE TAP IS CONNECTED TO EARTH THROUGH A VOLTAGE RELAY AN EARTH FAULT ON THE FIELD WINDING WILL PRODUCE VOLTAGE IN THE RELAY, MAXIMUM VOLTAGE OCCURRING FOR END FAULTS A BLIND SPOT EXISTS AT THE TAPPING POINT, TO AVOID THIS , THE TAPPING POINT IS VARIED WITH A PUSH BUTTON OR SWITCH , AND IS TESTED PERIODICALLY TO DETECT BLIND ZONE SETTING IS 5% OF FIELD VOLTAGE

LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION METHOD MODERN ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY OPERATES ON THE PRINCIPLE OF LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION INTO THE FIELD WINDING VIA CAPACITORS. IF AN EARTH FAULT OCCURS, THE CORRESPONDING CURRENT OR RESISTANCE IS DETECTED TYP SETTING (500 MW) ALARM 40 K OHM TIME = 10 SEC TRIP 5 K OHM TIME = 1 SEC

ACTUAL VALUES OF SETTING SHALL BE DECIDED AT SITE DURING COMMISSIONING TO ACCERTAIN THE HEALTHY VALUE OF THE PARTICULAR M/C.

INTER TURN PROTECTION

CURRENT BASED SYSTEM FOR GENERATORS WITH SPLIT NEUTRALS WITH ALL SIX TERMINALS BROUGHT OUT ON NEUTRAL SIDE DELAYED LOW-SET O/C RELAY WHICH SENSES THE CURRENT IN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NEUTRALS OF THE STATOR WINDINGS VOLTAGE BASED SYSTEM RELAY COMPARES THE NEUTRAL NGT SEC VOLTAGE AND GEN TERMINAL OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE BALANCE DURING E/F OR NORMAL CONDITION DURING INTER TURN FAULT OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE WILL BE DEVELOPED AND NGT SEC VOLTAGE WILL BE ZERO, RESULTING IN A DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE WHICH MAKES THE RELAY OPERATE IDMT RELAYS WITH 5.4 PMS AND 1 TMS ARE ADOPTED.

O/V PROTECTION
TYP SETTINGS OF A 3 STAGE O/V RELAY IS AS FOLLOWS ALARM 110 % 2 SEC TRIP 120 % 1 SEC 140 % INSTANTANEOUS

U/F O/F PROTECTION TYPICAL SETTING:

ALARM - 47.8HZ 1 SEC TRIP - 47.4 HZ 2 SEC SETTING NEED TO BE CO-ORDINATED WITH THE RESPECTIVE RLDC AND THE ISLANDING SCHEME SETTINGS

Negative Sequence protection

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION FOR GENERATOR PROTECTS THE GENERATOR FROM EXCESSIVE HEATING IN THE ROTOR RESULTING FROM UNBALANCED STATOR CURRENTS CAUSED DUE TO
ONE POLE OPEN IN LINE ONE POLE OPEN OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER CLOSE IN UNCLEARED UNBALANCED FAULTS

THE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION RELAYS SHALL BE SET TO THE NPS CAPABILITY OF THE MACHINE WHICH IS K = I22* T TYP FOR 500 MW PERMISSIVE NEG SEQ CURRENT = 5 8 % OF STATOR CURRENT PERMISSIVE I22* T = 5 10 SETTINGS ADOPTED FOR NTPC I2 = = 7.5 % I22*T = 8.3

Loss of Field Protection

ACTS AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR INDUCED EDDY CURRENTS IN THE FIELD WINDING, ROTOR BODY, WEDGES AND RETAINING RINGS MW FLOW IN TO THE SYSTEM/MVAR FLOWS IN TO THE MACHINE. THE APPARENT IMP TRAVELS TO THE FORTH QUADRANT OF X-Y PLANE METHODS OF DETECTION: UNDER VOLTAGE + O/C MINIMUM IMPEDANCE WITH U/V SOME RELAYS ARE SET IN THE ADMITTANCE PLANE MATCHING WITH THE CAPABILITY CURVE OF THE MACHINE

BIG M/C WITH GOOD AVR

SMALL MACHINES

LOSS OF FIELD RELAY

OUT OF STEP PROTECTION

MACHINE RUNS OUT OF SYNCHRONISM WITH THE NETWORK CYCLIC VARIATION OF ROTOR ANGLE CURRENT INCREASES HEAVILY FREQUENCY DEPEND ON THE RATE OF SLIP RESULT IN THE WINDING STRESS IT MAY ALSO DAMAGE THE AUXILIARIES OF THE AFFECTED UNIT DETECTED BY SENSING THE VARIATIONS IN IMP DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE RECOVERABLE SWING AND THE IRRECOVERABLE SWING TWO BLINDERS(IMPEDANCE) + A SUPERVISORY MHO ELEMENT, TRIP WHEN IMP IS INSIDE THE MHO AND CROSED THE BLINDERS MINIMUM IMPEDANCE (MULTIPLE ZONE) + COUNTING NO. OF SWINGS

POLE SLIPPING CHARACTERISTIC

ACCIDENTAL BACK ENERGISATION

CAUSE OPERATION AS AN INDUCTION MOTOR DAMAGE MACHINE AND TURBINE THE RAPID HEATING IRON PATHS NEAR THE ROTOR SURFACE DUE TO STATOR INDUCED CURRENT. DETECTED BY OVER CURRENT + CB AUXILIARY CONTACTS CHECKS FOR THE CURRENT WHEN THE GEN BREAKER CONTACTS ARE OPEN SET BELOW THE RATED CURRENT (50 70%) O/C AND U/V MEASUREMENTS

Backup Impedance protection

FOR UNCLEARED SYSTEM FAULT THE BACKUP PROTECTION IS TIME DELAYED TO COORDINATE WITH THE ZONE 3 SETTING OF LINES . DETECTED BY OVER CURRENT DISTANCE DISTANCE PREFFERED AS THE LINE IS PROVIDED WITH DISTANCE RELAYS SETTING SHOULD BE MADE TO COVER THE GT IMP AND THE LONGEST LINE IMP SETTING SHOULD TAKE CARE OF THE INFEED FROM OTHER GENERATORS CONNECTED TO THE SAME BUS ALSO TIME SETTING 1.5 2 SEC

LOW FORWARD AND REVERSE POWER INTERLOCK

To protect the machine from motoring action

Trip under class B after a short time delay in case the turbine is already tripped ( typ set at 2 sec) Trip under class A, after a long time delay if turbine is not tripped (typically set at 10 sec)
Power setting typ 0.5 % of rated power

GEN TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL

10 % BIAS SETTING (TO COVER TAP RANGE AND CT MISMATCH, IF ANY) TIME INSTANTANEOUS

BACK UP EARTH FAULT

DEF TIME OR IDMT RELAY 20 % WITH 2 SEC TIME DELAY TO BE COORDINATED WITH DISTANCE PROT ZONE 3

UT PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
BIASED DIFF USED BIASED SETTING 10%

BACK UP OVER CURRENT

RESTRICTED E/F HIGH IMP DIFF SET TO 5%-7% IN HIGH IMP EARTHING

2-3 TIMES THE FULL LOAD CURRENT DELAY 0.9 SEC TAKE CARE OF ANY LARGE MOTOR STARTING CASE

COMMONLY USED GEN/GEN TRFR RELAYS

PROTECTI ALSTOM ON HIGH IMP CAG 34 DIFF MICOM P343 ABB RADHA SIEMENS REMARK In case of duplicated diff, one low imp & one high imp preferred For trfr biased relay preferred Directional power relays

REG 216
RADSB RET 316
PPX

7UM 62
7 UT

BIASED DIFF
POWER RELAYS LOSS OF FIELD 100% E/F

MBCH MICOM P 633

RXPE
RAGPC(DIR O/C+U/V)

7 UM SERIES 7UM SERIES

YCGF

Impedance / admittance Low frequency injection type

PVMM MICOM P343

PG871

GIX REG 216

7UE22 7UM SERIES

7UM SERIES

preferred over 3 rd harmonic principle Open delta of gen sec VT Minimum impedance

95% E/F BACK UP IMP

VDG YCG15 RAKZB

7UM 516

PROTECT ALSTOM ION

OVER FLUXING

ABB RATUB RALK

SIEMENS 7RW

Remarks IDMT

GTTM

POLE SLIPPING

ZTO+YTG M15

RXZF+RXPE

7UM 516

IMPEDANCE IMP+ DIR O/C

IMP+NO OF POWER SWINGS

ACC. BACK ENERG INTER TURN NEG PH SEQ REF

CTIG

RAGUA

7UM SERIES

O/C +CB AUX CONTACT

CURRENT ELEMENT+U/V

VDG

7UM SERIES RARIB RADHD 7UM SERIES 7UM SERIES

comp of open delta 0n gen term+ngt sec voltage MEASUREMENT OF

CTN CAG/FAG

I2

HIGH IMP PREFFERED

ROTOR E/F

VDG

7UR 22 7 UM SERIES

Stator protections
Type of fault Protection Channel Recommendation

Short circuit

87 G1 87G2 87 GT
64G1 64G2 95G 46G

1 2 1&2
1 2 1 &2 1&2

Stator Earth Fault Inter turn unbalance

Over load
Loss of excitation Out of step Motoring O/V,O/F U/F System back up Accidental energisation Rotor E/F

51G
40G1 40G2 98G 32 G1/2 / 37 G1/G2 59/99 81G1/81G1 21G 50GDM 64F

Alarm
1 2 1&2 1/2 1 /2 1/2 1&2 1 &2 1 &2

<
>100 MW

Generator Transformer/Unit Transformer Protections

Fault
Short ckt (GT)

Device no
87T 87 HV 51 GT

Channel
1 2 2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 2

Recommendation

Earth Fault(GT) 51 NGT 64GT(3 Ph GT) 64T Short circuit(UT) Earth Fault UT 87 UT 51UT 51 NUT 64 UT

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