ES 202 - Introduction to Computers and Programming in C

Dr. Kanta Prasad Sharma ( K P Sharma)

Associate Professor –CSE
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Greater Noida Campus
+91 9760 207629
 Faculty Profile
Greater Noida Campus Academic Highlights
 Ph.D. – Information Technology
 Industrial Training- UI Path Automation
 Industrial Training – Global Logic – Full Stack
 Books Published : 5
Experience
14 Years as academics &Innovative Research
Research Highlights

 SCI :18 [ WOS -H Index :08] & WCIF – 01.02

 Scopus : 42 [Scopus- H Index : 12]

 Citations : 454 [ H- 11 & I- 13 ]

Dr. Kanta Prasad Sharma
Associate Professor (CSE)  Research Gate : 9.9 [ H- 8]
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Official : Faculty Cabin - 413 ( IV Floor,)
Amity University – G –Noida Campus  Patents :15 [ Published :18 ,Grant:10]
+91 9760 20 7629 Members
 MODULE - III
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Outlines

• Introduction To C Standards - Conditional Statements

( IF , ELSE IF , SWITCH )
• Break & Continue Statements
• Loops – For , While , Do while, Nested
• Storage Types ( Automatic , Registers etc )
• Pre define Processor
• Memory Storage Unit
 Conditional Statements
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The conditional statements (also known as decision control structures).

These used for decision-making purposes in C programs.

Decision-Making Statements and are used to evaluate one or more conditions and make the decision

These , in programming languages [ decide ] the direction of the flow of program execution.

Nested f-else-if
If if-else if Ladder switch Jump
 Conditional Statements
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 If Statements
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• Simple decision-making statement.

• It is used to decide
• whether a certain statement or block of
statements will be executed or not.
• If a certain condition is true then a block of

statements is executed otherwise not.

Syntax
If (condition )
{
// statement for execute if true
}
 Example – if statement
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// C program to illustrate If statement

#include <stdio.h>
#include<onio.h> OUTPUT
int main()
??
{
int i = 10;

if (i > 15)
{
printf("10 is greater than 15");
}

printf("I am Not in if");

}
 If – Else Statements
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• whether a certain statement or block of statements will be executed.

• If a certain condition is true then a block of statements is
executed.
• what if we want to do something else when the condition is false ?

Syntax
If (condition )
{
// statement for execute if true
}
Else
{
// statement for execute if false
}
 Example – if else statement
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// C program to illustrate If statement

#include <stdio.h>
Void main() OUTPUT
{ ??
int i = 20;
if (i < 15)
{
printf("i is smaller than 15");
}
else
{
printf("i is greater than 15");
}
}
 Nested if-else Statements
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• if statement that is the target of another if statement.

• Means , if statement inside another if statement .
• what if we want to do something else when the condition is false ?
Syntax
If (condition 1)
{
if (condition 2)
{ // statement 1 to be execute }
else
{ // statement 2 to be execute }
}
Else
{ if (condition 3)
{ // statement 3 to be execute }
else
{ // statement 4 to be execute }
}
 Nested if-else Statements
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 Example – Nested if statement
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#include <stdio.h>
void main() else
{ {
int i = 10; if (i == 20)
if (i == 10) {
{ printf("i is smaller than 22 too\n");
if (i < 15)
else
printf("i is smaller than 15\n");
if (i < 12) printf("i is greater than 25");
printf("i is smaller than 12 too\n"); }
else
printf("i is greater than 15"); }
}
}
 if-else if Ladder Statements
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• if else if statements  are used [when the user has to decide among multiple
options] .
• if statements are executed from the top down
• one of the conditions controlling the if is true,
• the statement associated with  if is executed, and
• the rest of the C else-if ladder is bypassed.
• If none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement will be executed.
 if-else if Ladder Statements
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If (condition)

statement;

else if (condition)

statement; . .

else

statement
 if-else if Ladder Example
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 20;
OUTPUT
if (i == 10)
???
printf("i is 10");
else if (i == 15)
printf("i is 15");
else if (i == 20)
printf("i is 20");
else
printf("i is not present");
}
 Switch Statement
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• Basically, it is used to perform different actions based on different conditions(cases).

• Switch case statements follow a selection-control mechanism and allow a value to change control of

execution.

• They are a substitute for long if statements that compare a variable to several integral values.

• The switch statement is a multiway branch statement.

• It provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the

expression.
 Switch Statement
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Rules of the switch case statement

• In a switch statement, the “case value” must be of “char” and “int” type.
• There can be one or N number of cases.

• The values in the case must be unique.

• Each statement of the case can have a break statement.

• The default Statement is also optional.
 Switch Statement
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 Switch Statement
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#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h> int main()
void main() {
{ int num = 2;
int movie = 1; switch (num + 2)
switch (movie << (2 + movie)) {
{ case 1:
default: printf("Case 1: ");
printf(" Traffic"); case 2:
case 4: printf("Case 2: ");
printf(" Sultan"); case 3:
case 5: printf("Case 3: ");
printf(" Dangal"); default:
case 8: printf("Default: ");
printf(" Bahubali"); }
} return 0;
} }
 Switch Statement
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#include<stdio.h>
#define L 10 case L*3:
void main() printf("PQR");
{ break;
auto a = 10;
switch (a, a*2)
{ default:
case L: printf("MNO");
printf("ABC"); case L*4:
break; printf("www");
case L*2: break;
printf("XYZ"); }
break; }
 Jump Statement
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• jump statement is used to alter the

normal flow of execution of a program.
• It allows the program to transfer control
to a different part of the code,
• like a different function or a different
goto Break Continue
block of code within the same function.

• There are three types of jump statements

in goto, break, and continue.
 goto Statement
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#include <stdio.h>
• The goto statement is utilized to transfer control to a void main()
labeled statement in the same function. {
• goto statement to jump back to the label until the int i = 1;
condition is met loop:
printf("%d ", i);
Syntax
goto label;
i++;
.
.
if (i<= 10)
. {
label: statement;
goto loop;
}
}
 Break Statement
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#include <stdio.h>
• The break statement is utilized to exit a loop or switch void main()
statement before its normal termination. {
int i;
• It is commonly utilized in loops to exit [early] if any
for (i = 1; i<= 10; i++)
specific condition is met.
{
Syntax
loop (condition) if (i == 5)
{ {
if (condition)
{ break;
break; }
}
} printf("%d ", i);
}
}
 Continue Statement
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#include <stdio.h>
• The continue statement is utilized to skip the remaining void main()
code in a loop for the current iteration and move on to {
the next iteration. int i;
• It is commonly used in loops to skip over certain for (i = 1; i<= 10; i++)
elements. {
• Syntax if (i % 2 == 0)
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
{
if (condition) continue;
{ }
continue;
} printf("%d ", i);
// Code to execute if condition is false }
}
}
 Return Statement
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#include <stdio.h>
int square(int n)
• C also provides the return statement, which is used to {
if (n < 0)
exit a function and return a value to the calling
{
function. printf("Error: Negative number\n");
return -1;
• The return statement can also be used to terminate a
}
program in the main() function. return n * n;
}
int main()
• Syntax {
return value; int result = square(-5);
if (result == -1) {
return 1;
}
printf("%d", result);
return 0;
}
 Loops
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for
Loops are a block of code
that executes [itself ] until while
the specified [ condition] becomes false.

Do while
 Loops
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• Loops allow [the user ] to execute the same set of

statements  repeatedly without writing the same code
multiple times.
• It saves time and effort and increases the efficiency.
for
• It reduces the [ chance ] of getting errors during
compilation. while
• Loop makes the code readable and easier to understand,
especially when dealing with complex logic or large data sets. Do while
• It promotes code reusability.
 For Loops
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 For Loops
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 For Loops
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#include <stdio.h>
void main() Output
{
?
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", i+1);
}
}
 For Loops
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#include <stdio.h>
void main() Print
{ Table of
int i; 2
for (i = ??; i < ??; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", ??);
}
}
 For Loops
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Output
?
 For Loops
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 For Loops
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?
 While Loop
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#include <stdio.h>
while (condition)
{ void main()
// code block to be executed {
} int i = 0;
while (i < 5)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
}
 Do While Loop
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
do {
{ int i = 0;
// code block to be executed do
} {
while (condition); printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
while (i < 5);
}
 Exercise
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#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int countdown = 3;
while (countdown > 0)
Output ??
{
printf("%d\n", countdown);
countdown--;
}
printf("Happy New Year!!\n");
}
 Exercise
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#include <stdio.h>
void main() Output ??
{
int a = 5, b = 10, temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
}
 Exercise
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#include <stdio.h>
void main() Output ??
{
int a = 5, b = 10;
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
}
 Storage Classes
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 Storage Classes define the scope (visibility) & lifetime.

 Scope / lifetime  [variables and/or functions] within a C Program.
 They precede the type that they modify/ access modifiers

• Auto
• Register
• Static
• Extern
 Auto Storage Classes
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• Default storage class  for all variables.

• Variables are declared  [ inside a function or a block] .
• The keyword "auto",  [optional] , can be used to define local variables.

• The scope and lifetime of auto  variables are within the same block in
which they are declared.
 Register Storage Classes
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• The register storage class used  to define local variables.

• Variables should be  [stored][ in a register] instead of RAM.

• This means variable has a maximum size equal to the register size

(usually one word) and can't have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as

it does not have a memory location).

 Static Storage Classes
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• Instructs  compiler to keep a local variable  existence  during the life-time

[Program].
• Instead of creating and destroying[ Local Variables].
• Local Variables each time it comes into and goes out of scope.
• Therefore, making  [local variables]static  allows them to maintain their values
between function calls.
• The static modifier also  applied to global variables.
• When this is done, it causes that variable's scope to be restricted to the file in which it is
declared.
 Static Storage Classes
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#include <stdio.h>
void func(void);
void func(void)
static int count = 5;
{
void main()
static int i = 5;
{
i++;
while(count--)
printf("i is %d and count is %d\n", i,
{
count);
func();
}
} }
 Static Storage Classes
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 E Book & Refrences
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Web Links
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Book Reference

Let US C  Yashwant Kanitkar

Programming in C  E Balagurusamy
Programmin in ANSI C  Tata McGraw-Hill
 Assessment Test
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Quiz