STD - X
CHAPTER- 1
REAL NUMBERS
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
• Natural numbers : 1,2,3,4,5…………………
• Whole numbers : 0,1,2,3,4,………………..
• Integers : -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3…………..
• Rational numbers - Numbers of the form where p and q are integers and q
≠ 0
• Irrational Numbers -Numbers that cannot be written in the form
• Real numbers - Rational numbers and Irrational numbers together form set
of real numbers
• Decimal expansion of rational numbers are either terminating or non-
terminating recurring
• Decimal expansion of irrational numbers are non-terminating and non
recurring
• Co-prime numbers - numbers having no common factor other than one
• Dividend = Divisor X Quotient + ramainder
NEW TERMS USED
• Algorithm - A series of well defined
steps which gives a procedure for
solving a type of problem
• Lemma : A proven statement used for
proving another statement
CONTENT
EUCLID ‘S DIVISION LEMMA
• Given positive integers a and b , there exist unique integers q and
r satisfying
• a = bq+ r where 0 ≤ r < b.
E UCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM
•This is based on Euclid’s division lemma. According to this, the
HCF of any two positive integers c and d, with c > d is obtained
as follows:
• Step 1: Apply the division lemma to c and d. we can find
whole numbers q and r such that c = d q + r , 0 ≤ r < d.
• Step 2 : If r = 0, the HCF is d. If r ≠ 0, apply Euclid’s lemma to
d and r.
• Step 3 : Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The
divisor at this stage will be HCF ( c,d).
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
ARITHMETIC
• Every composite number can be
expressed as a product of primes, and
this factorisation is unique, apart from
the order in which the prime factors
occur.
HOW TO FIND HCF AND LCM OF
NUMBERS
HCF LCM
• 1)Write the prime factorisation • 1)Write the prime factorisation
of the numbers of the numbers
• 2)List the common prime • 2)List all the factors involved in
factors of the numbers the numbers
• 3)Write the smallest power of • 3)Write the greatest power of
each common prime factor the prime factors
• 4)Find the product of these • 4)Find the product of these
If a and b are two positive
integers then
HCF(a,b)X LCM(a,b) =a X b
•If a and b are two co- prime positive
integers then
•HCF(a,b) = 1
SHOW THAT √ 2 IS IRRATIONAL.
Let us assume the contrary that√2 is rational.
• Then, √2 = a/b
• where a and b are co-prime integers and b not zero. ……………………… (1)
• Or √2b = a or 2b² = a² It means 2 divides a²
•and hence 2 divides a. ……………………….(2)
•Let, a= 2c for some integer c.
•then, 2b² = (2c)² = 4c² or b² = 2c² It means 2 divides b²
• and hence 2 divides b. ……………………………(3)
• From statements (2) and (3), it is clear that 2 is a common factor of a and b both.
•But, from statement (1), p and q are co-prime which means that they cannot have any
common
• factor other than 1.
• This indicates that our supposition that √2 is rational, is wrong.
•Hence, √2 is irrational.
CONDITION FOR A RATIONAL NUMBER TO HAVE
TERMINATING OR NON-TERMINATING REPEATING
DECIMAL EXPANSION.
• Terminating: A rational number p/q, where p and q are co-
prime integers will have a terminating decimal expansion if the
denominator is of the form 2ⁿ × 5m, where n and m are non-
negative integers.
•Non- Terminating: A rational number p/q, where p and q are
co- prime integers will have a non- terminating repeating decimal
expansion if the denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ × 5m, where n
and m are non- negative integers.
THANK YOU
