EPITHELIAL ORGAN-SPECIFIC TUMORS

EPITHELIAL ORGAN-SPECIFIC TUMORS

 Tumors of exo- and endocrine glands,
and epithelial integuments.

• These tumors originate from the cells of certain organs and preserve
the morphological and sometimes functional features which are
typical for this organ. These tumors are common in endocrine and
exocrine glands and also in epithelial integuments.
 The liver.

• Benign tumor in the liver is called hepatocellular adenoma.

• Hepatocellular cancer can grow in the form of one or more nodes and
occupy large areas (almost a whole lobe).
 The kidneys.

• Benign tumors in the kidneys can be adenomas. Depending on the

cellular composition, there are dark-cell, clear-cell (hypernephroid) and
acidophilic (rare) adenomas. Adenomas have a capsule. The tumor may
have a solid, tubular or papillary structure (dark-cell and acidophilic
adenomas).
• Renal cell (hypernephroid) cancer is a malignant tumor built from
atypical cells. It is characterized by common necroses and hemorrhages.
• Other malignant tumors of kidneys include nephroblastoma (Wilms
tumor, embryonic nephroma, embryonal renal cancer). It occurs mostly
in children.
 The breast.
• Benign tumors of the breast include fibroadenoma. Macroscopically, it has an
appearance of an encapsulated solid node. It is characterized by the proliferation of
alveoli and intralobular ducts. The tumor has a developed stroma. The connective
tissue can grow around the intralobular ducts (in this case it is called pericanalicular
fibroadenoma) or grow inside them (intracanalicular fibroadenoma).
• Breast cancers:
• - non-infiltrating lobular cancer “in situ” has a multicentric structure. Histologically,
it is represented by solid and glandular types.
• - non-infiltrating intraductal cancer (ductal cancer “in situ”) can be represented by
papillary carcinoma, comedocarcinoma and cribriform cancer. It grows within the
duct and often undergoes necrosis. Calcification is also possible.
• - Paget disease is characterized by three features: eczematous lesion of the nipple
and areola, the presence of large, clear cells in the epidermis of the nipple and
areola, cancerous lesion of the breast duct.
 The uterus.
• Epithelial tumors of the uterus are represented by destructive (malignant)
hydatid mole and chorionepithelioma.
• Destructive hydatid mole is represented by is represented by chorionic villi,
growing into uterine and pelvic veins walls.
• Chorionepithelioma (chorionic carcinoma) is a malignant tumor of a trophoblast.
It develops from the remnants of the placenta after abortion, tubal pregnancy,
childbirth. The tumor looks like a variegated spongy node in the myometrium. It
consists of elements of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast: clear epithelial
Langhans’cells (which are often giant in size) and dark syncytium cells. Tumor
stroma is absent. Its vessels look like cavities lined with tumor cells. The tumor is
characterized by common hemorrhages. Chorionepithelioma gives multiple
hematogenous metastases primarily to the lungs. It’s a hormone-responsive
tumor and it simulates pregnancy. Sometimes there are ectopic tumors: in men
in the mediastinum and testicles; in women in the ovaries and bladder.
 THE SKIN
• Skin tumors can originate from epidermis or skin appendages. They are divided into
benign, malignant, and tumors with localized growth. The most significant benign
tumors are syringoadenoma, hydroadenoma and trichoepithelioma.
• Syringoadenoma is a benign tumor from sweat gland ducts epithelium. There are
papillary and tubular forms.
• Hydroadenoma is a benign tumor from secretory epithelium of sweat glands. It
frequently forms papillae.
• Trichoepithelioma is a benign tumor from hair follicles or from their embryonal
elements.
• Basal cell carcinoma (basalioma) is a tumor with localized growth. It recurs but does
not give metastases. It localizes on the neck and face. Macroscapocally, it looks like a
plaque or deep ulcer.
• Malignant tumors of skin appendages include sweat glands cancer, sebaceous glands
cancer, hair follicles cancer. But these types are quite rare.
 THE OVARIES
• Ovarian tumors are different because they may originate from epithelium, genital cord stroma and germ tissue.
They can be benign and malignant. The most substantial of them are:
• - Serous cystadenoma is a benign epithelial tumor which has a form of a cyst filled with serous liquid. Most
often it is unilateral with smooth surface. Sometimes it can reach big sizes and consist of several cysts united by
a common capsule. The cysts are lined with tubal or cervical epithelium. Papillary growths can be also seen
there;
• - Mucinous (pseudomucinous) cystadenoma. Usually it is a unilateral benign tumor with one or several
chambers. It can reach large sizes. The cysts are lined with prismatic epithelium resembling intestinal
epithelium. The cysts contain the mucus. The formation of papillary outgrowths in the lumen of the cyst is
possible. In case of rupture of the cyst, the contents are evacuated into the abdominal cavity and the cyst cells
are implanted along the peritoneum.
• Serous cystadenocarcinoma is an epithelial malignant tumor. It is one of the most common form of ovarian
cancer. Usually it has a papillary structure of atypical epithelium, although there may be foci of a solid or
adenomatous structure. The tumor is characterized by implantation along the peritoneum.
• Pseudomucinous cystadenocarcinoma (cancer from a pseudomucinous cyst) is a malignant epithelial tumor,
consisting of atypical cells which form glandular, solid and cribriform structures. This type of tumor is
characterized by tissue necrosis.
 THE OVARIES
• Thecoma is a benign tumor from genital cord stroma. Macroscopically, this is a unilateral yellowish
tumor with bumpy surface. The tumor is hormonally inactive. There is also a hormonally active
type, in which the tumor is built of clear rounded cells containing lipids. A hormone-active tumor
produces estrogens and causes premature puberty in girls, menstrual disorders in young women,
and metrorrhagia in the elderly.
• Malignant thecoma is characterized by pronounced polymorphism and cellular atypism. It
resembles sarcoma. Hormonal activity is rare.
• Granulosa cell tumor (folliculoma) is a benign tumor of ovarian genital cord. Most often it is
unilateral. Macroscopically, it represents a node with a bumpy surface. In the cross-section the
tissue is gray-yellow with the foci of hemorrhages. The source of growth is granulosa. The tumor is
hormonally active and produces estrogens. Hormonal influence is manifested by hirsutism
(increased hair growth), premature puberty, amenorrhea, glandular cystic hyperplasia of the
endometrium.
• Malignant granulosa cell tumor (cancer) is characterized by sharp cellular polymorhpism, rapid
growth and metastases.
• Dysgerminoma is a malignant ovarian germ cell tumor. It develops from the cells of anlages of male
reproductive gland. The tumor gives early lymphogenous metastases.
 THE TESTICLES
• There are germ cells tumors, tumors from gonad stroma cells, tumors
originating from testicular membranes and epididymis, tumors that
develop from germ elements and cells of gonadal stroma.
• Seminoma (dysgerminoma) is the most common malignant germ cell
tumor. It is observed in 40-50 years, often with cryptorchidism. There
are a lot of mitoses. It gives early metastases.
• A tumor from Leydig’s cells (leydigoma) develops from glandulocytes
(cells of gonadal stroma). The tumor is rare and has a benign nature.
Leidigoma causes premature puberty in children and gynecomastia in
adults.
• Tumor from sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) is benign and rare. It is
hormone-active and manifested by feminization and gynecomastia.
 THE THYROID GLAND
• Benign tumors of the thyroid gland include adenomas. They can originate from A-, B- and C-cells of the gland.
• Follicular adenoma develops from A- and B-cells. It consists of small (microfollicular adenoma) or large (large-follicular
adenoma) follicles. Generally it resembles the thyroid gland.
• Solid adenoma originates from calcitonin-secreting C cells. The tumor cells are large and clear.
• Adenomas which have papillary growths are papillary adenomas.
• Thyroid gland cancer develops from the preceding adenoma.
• Follicular cancer originates from follicular adenoma. It is represented by atypical follicular cells that invade the capsule and
vascular walls. Cancer from A-cells has a relatively benign course and gives late metastases. Follicular cancer from B-cells
occurs slowly but gives early metastases to the lungs and bones. One of the types of cancer is the proliferating struma of
Langhans.
• Papillary cancer takes the first place in thyroid cancers. One of the types of papillary cancer is sclerosing microcarcinoma
(microcarcinoma in the scar). It develops from A-cells and is identified occasionally during histological examination of the
organ.
• Solid (medullary) cancer with stromal amyloidosis is histogenetically associated with C-cells. Tumor cells form amyloid
which is identified in tumor stroma. Tumor cells produce calcitonin.
• Undifferentiated cancer consists of atypical polymorphic cells. There are two types of tumor: the first one consists of small
cells and the second one consists of giant cells. It develops in elderly people mostly in women.
 THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

• The most typical benign tumor for this gland is adenoma. It develops
from the main cells. The tumor is hormonally active and is
accompanied by hyperparathyroidism, as a result of which fibrous
osteodystrophy develops.
• Cancer of the parathyroid glands is extremely rare and does not have
any specific features.
 THE ADRENALS
• The tumors arise from the cortical and medullary layers and can be benign and malignant.
• Benign tumors developing from the cortex are adrenocortical adenomas. They can have
different structure.
• Clear cell adenoma consists of large clear cells. Tumor cells produce aldosterone so clinically, it
is manifested by hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome), or aldosteroma.
• Dark cell adenoma (androsteroma) –consists of small dark cells containing lipofuscin. Clinically,
it is manifested by virilism or Cushing's syndrome due to androgenic activity of the tumor.
• Mixed adrenocortical tumor consists of clear and dark cells. It is manifested by
hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) or corticosteroma.
• Glomeruleous cell adenoma contains the cells with a foamy cytoplasm without any lipids. The
The tumor produces an excessive amount of mineralocorticoids.
• Adrenocortical cancer is a malignant tumor of the adrenal cortex.
• Pheochromocytoma is a benign tumor of adrenal medulla. This is a hormone-active tumor
which is brown on the cross-section. This tumor produces a large amount of catecholamines.
Clinically, it is manifested by persistent elevated blood pressure.
• A malignant tumor of the medulla is a malignant pheochromocytoma. The tumor is rare.
 GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
• Carcinoid is a specific tumor which occurs in the stomach and
intestinal mucosa. It originates from enterochromaffin cells (also
known as Kulchitsky's cells) producing different biogenic amines (most
often serotonin). Kulchitsky's cells belong to APUD system cells so
carcinoid belongs to apudomas. Most often the tumor develops in the
vermiform process and less often in the stomach. Carcinoid can give
carcinoid syndrome (heart damage, increased blood pressure). In rare
cases, carcinoid can become malignant and it will be malignant
carcinoid capable of metastasizing.
 THE PANCREAS
• Tumors of the islet apparatus of the pancreas belong to APUD-system tumors.
• There are the following types of apudomas:
• - insulinoma develops from B-cells of the islet apparatus. The tumor is hormone-active. The cells produce much
insulin which leads to hypoglycemic syndrome;
• - gastrinoma originates from G-cells which synthesize gastrin. It is often multiple and resembles trabecular
adenoma by structure. The tumor leads to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome which is manifested by ulcers in the GIT;
• - glucagonoma develops from A-cells which synthesize glucagon. – развивается из А-клеток, которые
синтезируют глюкагон. A clinical tumor is manifested by paroxysmal or persistent hyperglycemia and the
development of diabetes mellitus;
• - VIPoma occurs from D1-cells, producing a hormone similar to VIP-hormone (vasoactive interstitial polypeptide
hormone). The tumor causes hypokalemia and dehydration.
• - serotoninoma develops from Ес-cells, producing 5-hydroxytryptamine. The tumor causes carcinoid syndrome;

• - somatostatinoma is an adenoma from D-cells. It is characterized by hypoinsulinemia, hypoglucagonemia,

steatorrhea, achlorhydria.
• All these tumors have malignant analogues which can be hormone-active.
 MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• In ontogenesis, mesenchyme gives rise to connective tissue, blood

vessels, muscles, tissues of the musculoskeletal system, serous
membranes, and the hematopoietic system. All of these derivatives
can be the sources of tumor growth. There are benign and malignant
tumors.
 BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
• Fibroma is a tumor from connective (fibrous) tissue. Usually it is a node of differentiated connective
tissue. Collagen fibers can be of different thickness and form swirls. There are two types of fibroma:
solid (with a predominance of collagen fibers) and soft. Fibroma can be localized differently but most
often it is observed on the skin, in the breast and uterus. Sometimes fibroma may have a peduncle (if it
is located on the skin).
• A specific type of fibroma is a desmoid. This tumor is common in women and is localized in the anterior
abdominal wall.
• Dermatofibroma (histiocytoma). It is common on legs’ skin and has an appearance of a small yellowish
or brownish node. It consists of a large number of capillary-type vessels between which there are a lot
of different cells. Specific cells for this tumor are multinuclear cells (Tuton’s cells) containing lipids and
hemosiderin.
• Lipoma is a singular or multiple tumor from adipose tissue. It consists of fatty lobules of irregular size
and shape.
• Hibernoma develops from brown fat cells. It has a shape of a node which is most often located in the
scapular region. It consists of cavities and lobules formed by round or polygonal cells with granular or
“feathery” cytoplasm.
 BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• Lleiomyoma is a tumor from smooth muscles. Bundles of smooth

muscle cells are located randomly. If stroma is well pronounced it is
fibromyoma. Myoma can reach big sizes (especially in the uterus). The
tumor may have secondary changes like cysts, foci of necrosis and
hyalinosis.
• Rhabdomyoma develops from cells of striated muscles that resemble
embryonic muscle fibers or myoblasts.
• Abrikosov's tumor is a granular cell tumor. It is common in the tongue,
skin and esophagus.
 BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• - Capillary hemangioma is localized on the skin, mucous membranes, liver and gastrointestinal
tract. Macroscopically, it is represented by red or bluish node with bumpy or sometimes
papillary surface. It is frequent in children. Microscopically, it consists of branching capillary-
type vessels. It grows invasively and doesn’t have capsule;
• - venous hemangioma consists of vessels forming cavities which resemble veins;
• - cavernous hemangioma is common on the skin, liver, spongy bones, muscles and
gastrointestinal tract. It consists of large thin-walled cavities filled with blood;
• - benign hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor which localizes in the intermuscular layers
of the limbs and on the skin.
• Glomus tumor (glomangioma) is localized on the skin of the feet, mostly on the toes.
• Lymphangioma develops from lymphatic vessels which overgrow in different directions and
form a node or diffuse thickening of the organ. It occurs on the tongue, (the tongue becomes
enlarged. This phenomenon is known as macroglossia) or on the lips (macrocheilia).
 BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
• Benign synovioma occurs from synovial elements of tendons and tendon sheaths.
• Benign mesothelioma is a tumor from mesothelium. It usually has a shape of a node in the serous
membranes (pleura) and a fibroma-like structure.
• Osteoma can develop in tubular and cancellous bones. It often occurs in the bones of the skull. There
were cases of extraosseous localization of osteomas (uterus, mammary gland, tongue). There are
cancellous osteoma and compact osteoma.
• Benign osteoblastoma consists of small anastomosing osteoid and partially calcified bone trabeculae,
between which there is a fibrous tissue with osteoblasts and blood vessels.
• Chondroma is a tumor which originates from hyaline cartilage. It is solid and has an appearance of
hyaline cartilage on the cross-section. It consists of randomly located cells of hyaline cartilage
enclosed in a ground substance. Most often it is localized on the hands and feet; in vertebrae,
sternum and pelvic bones. If chondroma is localized in the peripheral parts of the bone it is called
ecchondroma. If it is located in the central parts of the bone it is called enchondroma.
• Benign chondroblastoma is different from chondroma by the presence of chondroblasts and
chondroid interstitial substance.
• Giant cell tumor consists of giant cells and fibrous tissue. It often contains xanthoma cells. It relapses
and sometimes metastasizes by hematogenous route.
• Malignant mesenchymal tumors have pronounced cellular atypism
and invasive growth. These are histioid tumors. They grow rapidly and
give hematogenous metastases. Malignant mesenchymal tumors are
called sarcomas. They resemble fish meat on the cross-section.
 MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
• Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor from fibrous connective tissue. Usually it
localizes in the arms and thighs. Depending on the degree of maturity, there
are differentiated fibrosarcoma, which is characterized by late metastases,
and low-differentiated sarcoma which is more malignant and gives early
metastases.
• Dermatofibroma protuberans (malignant histiocytoma) is different from a
bening type of dermatofibroma by abundance of mitoses occurring in the
atypical cells. The tumor grows slowly and gives metastases rarely.
• Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor from adipose tissue. The tumor is rare. It
can reach big sizes. The tumor is yellowish on a cut and has a greasy surface.
• Malignant hibernoma is different from benign hibernoma by extreme cellular
polymorphism. Giant cells are found among these cells.
 MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor from smooth muscles. It is

characterized by pronounced cellular polymorphism and large
amount of mitoses. (typical and atypical).
• Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor from striated muscles. The
tumor is rare.
• Malignant granular cell tumor is a rare tumor. It is different from its
benign type by pronounced cellular polymorphism and by mitoses.
 MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor from the vessels. It is rich in

atypical cells of either endothelial or pericytic nature. In the first case,
it is malignant hemangioendothelioma. In the second case, it is
malignant hemangiopericytoma. The tumor is highly malignant, grows
rapidly and gives early metastases.
• Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor from lymphatic vessels
• Synovial sarcoma (malignant synovioma) occurs in large joints.
• Malignant mesothelioma develops in the peritoneum (less often in
the pleura and pericardial sac).
 MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL TUMORS

• Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is a malignant tumor of the

bones. The tumor consists of osteogenic tissue. There are osteoblastic
and osteolytic forms of osteosarcoma.
• Chondrosarcoma. Foci of osteogenesis and sliming are often found in
the tumor. The tumor grows slowly and gives late metastases.
 TUMORS FROM MELANIN-FORMING TISSUE
• Nevi are localized on the skin in the form of bulging formations of a dark brown
color. There are several types of nevi.
• Marginal nevus (junction nevus) is represented by clusters of nevus cells. It is
located on the border of epidermis and dermis.
• Intradermal nevus is the most common one. It consists of cords and clusters of
nevus cells located only in the dermis.
• Compound nevus has the features of both marginal nevus and intradermal
nevus.
• Epithelioid (spindle cell) nevus is observed in children (juvenile nevus). It is
located on the face. It is characterized by multinuclear cells. Epithelioid nevus is
located either in the dermis or on the border with epidermis.
• Blue nevus is common in people of 30-40 years. It occurs in the dermis in the
area of buttocks and extremities. It has a shape of a nodule with a bluish shade
 TUMORS FROM MELANIN-FORMING TISSUE

• Melanoma (Melanosarcoma, malignant melanoma) is one of the

most malignant tumors. It grows rapidly and gives early
hematogenous and lymphogenous metastases. It is localized on the
skin, iris, meninges, adrenal medulla and rarely in the mucous
membranes. It can develop from nevi. Macroscopically, it looks like a
brown spot with pink or black inclusions (superficial spreading
melanoma). It can also have an appearance of bluish black soft node
or plaque (nodular melanoma).
 TUMORS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Tumors of the nervous system and meninges. Tumors of the nervous

system are various. They can derive from different elements of the
nervous system: central nervous system, vegetative nervous system,
peripheral nervous system. They can also derive from mesenchymal
elements which belong to this system. These tumors can be benign
and malignant. However, as these tumors are localized in the brain
and spinal cord, they are always malignant since even with slow
growth and growth in the capsule, the tumors put pressure on vital
centers and cause disruption of their function.
 TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Tumors of CNS are divided into neuroectodermal and meningovascular.
• Neuroectodermal tumors of the brain and spinal cord consist of neuroectoderm derivatives. They are divided
into: glial tumors, ependymal tumors and tumors from the choroid epithelium, neuronal tumors, low
differentiated and embryonic tumors.
• Glial tumors.
• Astrocytoma is a benign and the most common tumor of neuroectodermal origin. It develops from the cells of
astrocytic glia. Most often it occurs in young age and sometimes it is observed in children. It localizes in all parts
of the brain. The size of the tumor can reach 10 cm. This tumor is not always separated from the surrounding
tissue by a capsule. On a cut, there are some cysts. The tumor grows slowly. There are several types of
astrocytoma: fibrillary (it is rich in glial fibers and poor in astrocyte-type cells), protoplasmic (consists of
branched astrocyte-like cells of different size) and fibrillary-protoplasmic (mixed) with equal content of
astrocytes and glial fibers.
• Astroblastoma is a malignant type of astrocytoma.
• Oligodendroglioma is a benign tumor from oligodendrocytes.
• Oligodendroblastoma is a malignant type of oligodendroglioma. It is characterized by cellular atypism,
polymorphism and abundance of pathological mitoses.
•
 TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Ependymal tumors:
• Ependymoma is a benign tumor of glial origin. It develops from
ventricular ependyma. It looks like an intra- or extraventricular node,
often contains cysts and foci of necrosis.
• Ependymoblastoma is a malignant tumor which is characterized by
cellular atypism. It resembles glioblastoma. It grows rapidly and gives
metastases within CNS.
• Choroid papilloma is a benign tumor originating from choroid plexus
epithelium. It is localized in the cavities of cerebral ventricles.
• Choroid carcinoma (malignant choroid papilloma) is a malignant
tumor from choroid plexus epithelium.
 TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Neuronal tumors.
• Ganglioneuroma (gangliocytoma) is a rare benign tumor which
localizes in the bottom of the third ventricle and less often in the
cerebral hemispheres. It consists of mature ganglion cells.
• Ganglioneuroblastoma is a malignant type of ganglioneuroma. The
tumor is rare. It is characterized by cellular polymorphism.
• Neuroblastoma is a rare highly malignant brain tumor which is
observed in children.
 TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Low differentiated and embryonal tumors.
• Medulloblastoma is a tumor consisting of the most immature cells
which are called medulloblasts. That’s why it is highly malignant. It is
localized in the cerebellar vermis.
• Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor. The tumor is common and is
observed at the age of 40-60 years. It is localized in the white matter
of any part of the brain. The tumor grows rapidly and gives early
metastases.
 TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Meningovascular tumors. The tumors occur from meninges and
related tissues.
• Meningioma (arachnoidendothelioma) is common benign tumor
originating from soft meninges.
• Meningeal sarcoma is a malignant type of meningioma. Histologically,
it resembles fibrosarcoma.
 TUMORS OF THE VEGETATIVE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Tumors of the vegetative nervous system develop from sympathetic
ganglia and cells of non-chromaffin paraganglia. They can be benign
or malignant.
• Benign non-chromaffin paraganglioma (chemodectoma) develops
from the cells related to APUD system, which are capable of
synthesizing serotonin and less often ACTH. That’s why this tumor is
also called apudoma.
• Malignant non-chromaffin paraganglioma is a rare malignant tumor.
• Sympathoblastoma (sympathogonioma) is a tumor of child age. The
tumor is highly malignant. It grows rapidly and gives early metastases.
 TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

• Tumors of the peripheral nervous system originate from nerve

sheaths. They can be benign and malignant.
• Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma) consists of spindle cells which form
rhytmical structures (palisade-like structures “Verocay bodies”).
• Neurofibroma is associated with nerve sheaths. It consists of nerve
fibers and connective tissue. If the patient has systemic
neurofibromatosis it is Recklinghausen's disease.
• Malignant neurilemmoma (neurogenic sarcoma) is a rare malignant
tumor.
 DYSONTOGENETIC TUMORS

• Teratomas develop during the detachment of one of the blastomeres

of the egg. They consist of one or several types of tissues. They can
have an organoid and organizmoid structure. They often reach large
sizes. The most common teratomas are sacrococcygeal, ovarian,
testicular, retroperitoneal and mesenteric teratomas, teratomas of
the pharynx and lungs.
• Teratoblastoma is a malignant tumor which is characterized by
pronounced cellular polymorphism and atypism. The tumor grows
rapidly and gives early metastases.