Relational Database Management System
Class-X(Information Technology)
Topics:
• Introduction
• What is Data?
• What is Information?
• What is Database?
• Database Server
• RDBMS
• Record
• Constraint
• Data :
– A collection of unorganized facts and has no
meaning on its own.
– Understanding is difficult.
– In the form of number,characters,symbols,audio
etc.
• Information :
- The processed data which has a specific meaning
and its it is useful for decision making.
-- Understanding is easy.
Database Concepts
• An organized collection of related information so
that it can easily be accessed, managed and
updated.
• E.g : record of student stored In file
Information stored over internet.
• Dictionary
• Library,
• Railways
Database management System
• DBMS stands for Database Management System.
• DBMS is a software system for creating, organizing and
managing the database.
• It provides an environment to the user to perform
operations on the database for creation, insertion, deletion,
updating and retrieval of data.
Example :
• Data can be organized into two types:
• Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable
for less amount of data.
• Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables
are linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for
medium to large amount of data.
Database Servers
• Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the
actual databases and run only the DBMS and related
software.
• Typically databases available on the database servers are
accessed through command line or graphic user interface
tools referred to as Frontends;
• database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of
data access is referred to as a client-server model.
RDBMS
• RDBMS stands for Relational database management system.
• RDBMS is a database management system that is based on
the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd, of IBM’s San
Jose Research Laboratory.
• In RDBMS ,data is stored in tables and there is relation
between these tables.
• In the relational model of a database, all data is represented
in terms of tuples, grouped into relations.
Record
• A record is a set of information (made up of fields)
stored in your database about one of the items.
• A “value” is the actual text or numerical amount or
date that you put in while adding information to
your database.
• When you put all the information together
in a grid , a collection of similar records
creates a table.
• A database can have one or many
tables.
• Each table in a database contains information about
one type of item.
• So, a database is basically a container that holds
tables and other objects and manages how they can
be used.
• when creating a database an important feature is record
uniqueness in every table.
• It is important to be able to distinguish between different
items having duplicate values.
• This can be achieved by using some number or value that uniquely
identifies a record
• Every table has a key field which ensures that there are 100%
unique values throughout the database
• In this table, it will be extremely difficult to differentiate between
student records as they have names that are similar. To
differentiate, you can add additional field - roll number - that will be
unique for each record
Constraint
• Constraints are the rules that we can apply on the type of data in a table.
1.Primary key
• Primary key Contain Unique value(i.e. no duplicate value ) and no Null
Value.
• Ex: In the following table roll_no is primary key column.
• This unique field is called the Primary Key (PK).
• Primary Keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the
database to search for a record.
Roll_no Name Class Section City
101 Rahul 10 A Vashi
102 Sachin 10 A Nerul
103 Virat 10 A Juinagr
104 Ashwin 10 A Sanpada
2.Composite Key
• When primary key constraint is applied on one or more
columns then it is known as Composite Key.
• A key that consist of more than one attribute uniquely
identifies rows in a table.
• Example : Here Cust_id and order_id are two uniquely
identified key. So order_id is composite key.
Cust_id Order_id Product_code Total
C_101 O_988 8878 12
C_102 O_765 8778 23
C_103 O_455 6767 34
Foreign key
• A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes also called
as a referencing key.
• A Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a
Primary Key in a different table.
• The relationship between 2 tables matches the Primary Key in one of the tables
with a Foreign Key in the second table.
• .
• Primary key Second table:
•S_Id LastName FirstName CITY Foreign key
O_Id OrderNo S_Id
1 MAURYA AJEET ALLAHABAD
1 99586465 2
2 JAISWAL RATAN GHAZIABAD 2 78466588 2
3 22354846 3
3 ARORA SAUMYA MODINAGAR 4 57698656 1
RDBMS
• RDBMS stands for Relational Database
Management Systems.
• Data is represented in terms of tuples (rows) in
RDBMS.
• Relational database is most commonly used
database. It contains number of tables and
each table has its own primary key.
• Due to a collection of organized set of tables,
data can be accessed easily in RDBMS.
Table
• The RDBMS database uses tables to store data. A table is a
collection of related data entries and contains rows and
columns to store data.
• A table has a defined number of columns, but can have any
number of rows. Each row is identified by the values
appearing in a particular column identified as a unique key
index or the key field.
• Columns or Fields or Attributes:
• A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one
for each row of the table.
• The columns provide the structure according to which the rows
are composed.
• For example, Emp_no,name,age,department are fields in a row.
• Rows or Records or Tuples:
• A row also called a Record or Tuple represents a single, data
item in a table
• It contains the specific information of each individual entry in
the table. It is a horizontal entity in the table. For example: The
above table contains 4 records.
• Data types:
• Datatypes are used to identify which type of data
(value) we are going to store in the database.
• Fields themselves can be of different types depending
on the data they contain. Data types in OpenOffice base
are broadly classified into five categories listed below.
• Numeric Types
• Alphanumeric Types
• Binary Types
• Date time
• Other Variable types
• Numeric Types:
• Numeric data types are used for describing numeric values for
the field used in the table of a database.
• Numeric data types in a database can be used for storing
information such as mobile number, roll number, door number,
year of school admission, statistical values, etc.
• The different types of numeric data types available are listed
here.
• Alphanumeric type:
• Binary Types:
• Binary data types are used for storing data in binary
formats. Binary data types in a database can be
using for storing photos, music files, etc.
• In general, files of any format can be stored using
the binary data type. The different types of binary
data types available are listed here.
• Date time:
• Date time data types are used for describing date and time
values for the field used in the table of a database. Date time
data types in a database can be used for storing information
such as date of birth, date of admission, date of product sale,
etc.
• The different types of date time data types
available are listed here.
What we have learned Today?
• Thank you
