Lecture Presentation

Chapter 1

Introduction:
Matter, Energy, and
Measurement

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Chemistry

• Chemistry is the
study of matter,
its properties, and
the changes it
undergoes.
• It is central to our
fundamental
understanding of
many science-
related fields.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Methods of Classification

• State of Matter
• Composition of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
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 States of Matter
• The three states
of matter are
1) solid.
2) liquid.
3) gas.
• In this figure,
those states are
ice, liquid water,
and water vapor.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 In which form of water are the water molecules
farthest apart?

a. Vapor
b. Liquid
c. Ice
d. Seawater

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 Classification of Matter
Based on Composition
• If you follow this
scheme, you can
determine how to
classify any type
of matter.
– Homogeneous
mixture
– Heterogeneous
mixture
– Element
– Compound

Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Classification of Matter—Substances
• A substance has distinct properties and a
composition that does not vary from sample to
sample.
• The two types of substances are elements and
compounds.
– An element is a substance which can not be
decomposed to simpler substances.
– A compound is a substance which can be
decomposed to simpler substances because it is
made up of more than one element.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Classification of Matter Based
on Composition
• Atoms are the building
blocks of matter.
• Each element is made
of a unique kind of
atom, but can be made
of more than one atom
of that kind.
Note: Balls of different colors are • A compound is made
used to represent atoms of different of atoms from two or
elements. Attached balls represent
connections between atoms that more different
are seen in nature. These groups elements. Matter
of atoms are called molecules. And
Measurement
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 Sample Exercise 1.1 Distinguishing among Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures
“White gold” contains gold and a “white” metal, such as palladium. Two samples of white gold differ in the
relative amounts of gold and palladium they contain. Both samples are uniform in composition throughout. Use
Figure 1.9 to classify white gold.

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
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 Elements and Composition
• There are currently
118 named elements.
• Only five elements
make up 90% of the
Earth’s crust by mass.
• Only three elements
make up 90% of the
human body by mass!
• Note the importance of
Matter
oxygen! And
Measurement
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 Representing Elements

• Chemists usually represent elements as symbols.

• Symbols are one or two letters; the first is always
capitalized.
• Some elements are based on Latin, Greek, or other
foreign language names. Matter
And
Measurement
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 Compounds and Composition

• Compounds have a
definite composition. That
means that the relative
number of atoms of each
element in the compound
is the same in any sample.
• This is The Law of
Constant Composition
(or The Law of Definite Matter
Proportions). And
Measurement
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 Classification of Matter—Mixtures
• Mixtures exhibit the properties of the substances that
make them.
• Mixtures can vary in composition throughout a sample
(heterogeneous) or can have the same composition
throughout the sample (homogeneous).
• A homogeneous mixture is also called a solution.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Two Types of Properties

• Physical properties
• Chemical properties

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Physical Properties
• Physical properties can be observed without
changing a substance into another substance.
– Some examples include color, odor, density, melting
point, boiling point, and hardness.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Chemical Properties
• Chemical properties can only be observed when
a substance is changed into another substance.
– One common chemical property is flammability, or the
ability to burn in oxygen.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Types of Properties
• Intensive properties are independent of the
amount of the substance that is present.
– Examples include density, boiling point, or color.
– These are important for identifying a substance.
• Extensive properties depend upon the amount
of the substance present.
– Examples include mass, volume, or energy.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Types of Changes
• Physical changes are changes in matter that
do not change the composition of a substance.
– Examples include changes of state, temperature, and
volume.
• Chemical changes result in new substances.
– Examples include combustion, oxidation, and
decomposition.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Changes in State of Matter

• Converting between
the three states of
matter is a physical
change.
• When ice melts or
water evaporates,
there are still 2 H
atoms and 1 O atom
in each molecule.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Chemical Reactions (Chemical Change)

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances

are converted to new substances. Here, the copper penny
reacts with nitric acid; it gives a blue solution of copper(II)
nitrate and a brown gas called nitrogen dioxide.
NOTE: Physical properties, like color, often helps us Matter
SEE that chemical change has occurred. And
Measurement
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 Separating Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated based on
physical properties of the components
of the mixture. Some methods used are
– filtration
– distillation
– chromatography

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Filtration

• In filtration, solid
substances are
separated from
liquids and
solutions.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Distillation

• Distillation uses
differences in
the boiling points
of substances to
separate a
homogeneous
mixture into its
components.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Chromatography

• This technique
separates
substances on
the basis of
differences in
the ability of
substances to
adhere to the
solid surface, in
this case, dyes
to paper.
Matter
And
Measurement
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Is the separation of the mixture a physical or chemical
process?

a. Physical process
b. Chemical process
c. Both
d. Neither

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 The scientific method

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 Numbers and Chemistry
• Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many
topics are quantitative (have a numerical value).
• Concepts of numbers in science
– Units of measurement
– Quantities that are measured and calculated
– Uncertainty in measurement
– Significant figures
– Dimensional analysis

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Units of Measurements—SI Units
• Système International d’Unités (“The International
System of Units”)
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Units of Measurement—
Metric System Prefixes
Prefixes convert the
base units into units
that are appropriate
for common usage
or appropriate
measure

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Sample Exercise 1.2 Using SI Prefixes
What is the name of the unit that equals (a) 10–9 gram, (b) 10–6 second, (c) 10–3 meter?

Practice Exercise
(a) How many picometers are there in 1 m?
(b) Express 6.0 × 103 m using a prefix to replace the power
of ten.
(c) Use exponential notation to express 4.22 mg in grams.
(d) Use decimal notation to express 4.22 mg in grams.

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
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 Mass and Length
• These are basic units we measure in science.
• Mass is a measure of the amount of material
in an object. SI uses the kilogram as the base
unit. The metric system uses the gram as the
base unit.
• Length is a measure of distance. The meter
is the base unit.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Volume
• Note that volume is not a base
unit for SI; it is a derived unit
from length (m × m × m = m3).
• The most commonly used
metric units for volume are the
liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm)
long on each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter
(cm) long on each side, also
called 1 cubic centimeter
(cm × cm × cm = cm3). Matter
And
Measurement
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 Glassware for Measuring Volume

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Density
• Density is a physical
property of a substance.
• It has units that are
derived from the units
for mass and volume.
• The most common units
are g/mL or g/cm3.
• D = m/V

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to
Determine Volume or Mass
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 × 10 2 g occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3.
(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is 0.791 g/mL.
(c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm 3) if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Temperature
• In general usage, temperature is considered the “hotness
and coldness” of an object that determines the direction of
heat flow.
• Heat flows spontaneously from an object with a higher
temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Temperature
• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.
– 0 °C is the freezing point of water.
– 100 °C is the boiling point of water.
• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
– It is based on the properties of gases.
– There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
– The lowest possible temperature is called absolute
zero (0 K).
• K = °C + 273.15 Matter
And
Measurement
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 Temperature
• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific
measurements, but you hear about it in
weather reports!
• The equations below allow for conversion
between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales:
– °F = 9/5(°C) + 32
– °C = 5/9(°F − 32)

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Energy
• Energy is the capacity to
do work or transfer heat.
• Work is the energy
transferred when a force
exerted on an object
causes a displacement of
that object.
• Heat is the energy used
to cause the temperature
of an object to increase.
• Force is any push or pull Matter
And
on an object. Measurement
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 Energy
• The unit of energy: Joule (J). It is a derived unit:
– KE = ½ m v2
– If the object is 2 kg, and it moves at 1 m/s, it will posses 1 J
of kinetic energy:
– 1J = ½ (2 kg) (1 m/s)2 OR: 1 J ≡ 1 kg · m2/s2
• The kJ is commonly used for chemical change.
• Historically, the calorie was used: 1 cal = 4.184 J
• This calorie is NOT the nutritional Calorie. That one is
a kcal.
• 1 nutritional Calorie = 1 Cal = 1000 cal

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Two Fundamental Forms of Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

– Its magnitude depends on the object’s mass and its velocity:
KE = ½ m v2
• Potential energy of an object depends on its relative Matter
And
position compared to other objects. Measurement
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 Sample Exercise 1.5 Identifying and Calculating Energy Changes
A standard propane (C3H8) tank used in an outdoor grill holds approximately 9.0 kg of propane. When the grill is
operating, propane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. For every gram of propane that reacts with
oxygen in this way, 46 kJ of energy is released as heat. (a) How much energy is released if the entire contents of the
propane tank react with oxygen? (b) As the propane reacts, does the potential energy stored in chemical bonds increase
or decrease?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Numbers Encountered in Science
• Exact numbers are counted or given by
definition. For example, there are 12 eggs in
1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on
how they were determined. Scientific
instruments have limitations (equipment
errors) and individuals can read some
instrumentation differently (human errors).

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Uncertainty in Measurements
• Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.
• All measured numbers have some degree of
inaccuracy.
• The last digit measured is considered reliable, but
NOT exact.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Significant Figures
• All digits of a measured quantity,
including the uncertain ones, are called
significant figures.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.

Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if it
contains a decimal point.
Problem: whole numbers ending in zeroes.

Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Significant Figures in Calculations
• The least certain measurement limits the number
of significant figures in the answer.
• When addition or subtraction is performed,
answers are rounded to the least significant
decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is performed,
answers are rounded to the same number of
digits as the measurement with the fewest
number of significant figures.
• Know the number of appropriate digits
throughout, but round off at the end only! Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Accuracy versus Precision
• Precision is a measure of
how closely individual
measurements agree with
one another.
• Accuracy refers to how
closely individual
measurements agree with
the correct, or “true,” value.
• Experimentally, we often
take several measurements
and determine a standard Matter
And
deviation. Measurement
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 Sample Exercise 1.7 Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Measurement
How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume that each number is a measured quantity):
(a) 4.003, (b) 6.023 × 1023, (c) 5000?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 1.8 Determining the Number of Significant
Figures in a Calculated Quantity
The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5, 27.3, and 5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box,
using the correct number of significant figures in your answer.

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 1.9 Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Calculated Quantity
A vessel containing a gas at 25 °C is weighed, emptied, and then reweighed as depicted in Figure 1.25. From the data
provided, calculate the density of the gas at 25 °C.

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Dimensional Analysis
• Dimensional analysis is used to change units.
• We apply conversion factors (e.g., 1 in = 2.54 cm),
which are equalities.
• We can set up a ratio of comparison for the equality:
1 in./2.54 cm or 2.54 cm/1 in.
• We use the ratio which allows us to change units (puts
the units we have in the denominator to cancel).
• We can use multiple conversions, as long as each one
is an equality.

Matter
And
Measurement
© 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
 Sample Exercise 1.10 Converting Units
If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her mass in grams? (The measurement of a ‘pound’ has the units ‘lb’.
1 lb = 453.6 g)

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 1.12 Converting Volume Units
Earth’s oceans contain approximately 1.36 × 10 9 km3 of water. Calculate the volume in liters.

How many liters of water do Earth’s oceans contain?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 15th Global Edition in SI Units © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus