Electrostatics:-
Absolute and relative permittivity
of a medium,
Laws of Electric Field,
Safety factor of a dielectric
Absolute and relative permittivity
of a medium
• With reference to electrostatic phenomenon,
a certain property of the medium called its
permittivity plays an important role. Every
medium is supposed to possess two
permittivities :
(i) absolute permittivity (ɛ)and
(ii) relative permittivity (ɛr).
Measurement of permittivity
• For measuring relative permittivity, vacuum or free
space is chosen as the reference medium.
It has an absolute permittivity as
ɛo = 8.854X 10-12F/m
Relative permittivity, ɛr= 1 (no units)
ɛ= ɛo ɛr F/m
relative permittivity of mica is 5, then, its absolute
permittivity is ɛ = ɛo ɛr = 8.854X10-12x 5
=44.27X10-12F/m
Laws of Electrostatics
• First Law.
Like charges of electricity repel each other,
whereas unlike charges attract each other.
• Second Law.
the force exerted between two point charges
(i) is directly proportional to the product of their strengths
(ii) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
𝑄1𝑄2
𝐹∝ 2
𝑑
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹 =𝑘 2
𝑑
Vector Form of Coulomb law
Can be written as
Where is unit vector in the
direction of distance
=
Can be written as
=
Where is force on charge 2
due to charge 1 and is
unit
vector from Q1 to Q2
=
Where is force on charge 1
due to charge 2 and is
unit
vector from Q2 to Q1.
1 9
𝐾= ≅ 9 × 10
4 𝜋 𝜖𝑜
Hence, one Coulomb of charge may be
defined as that charge (or quantity of
electricity ) which when placed in air (strictly
vacuum) from an equal and similar charge
repels it with A force 9×109 N.
Example Calculate the distance of separation between two
electrons (in vacuum) for which the electric force between them
is equal to the gravitation force on one of them at the earth
surface.
mass of electron = 9.1 x 10-31 kg,
charge of electron = 1.6 x 10-19C.
a)Three identical point charges, each Q
coulombs, are placed At the vertices of an
equilateral triangle 10 cm apart. Calculate the
force on each charge.
b) Two charges Q Coulombs each are placed at
two opposite Corners of a square. What
additional charge “q” placed At each of other
two corners will reduce the resultant Electric
force on each of the charge Q to zero?
Force = =
=9N
=4.5Q2/d2
If the charges q are –ive, they will exert
attractive forces on Q at point C along CB And
CD respectively each force is:
Since these forces are are right angle to each
other their resultant will
Effect of current
Flow of current is always accompanied by
generation of heat in medium
Joule ‘s Law of Electric Heating
The amount of work required to
maintain a current I amperes through
a resistance of R ohms for t seconds
is I2Rt
2
W .D I Rt Joules
VIt Joules
Wt Joules
2
V t
Joules
R
This work is converted into heat and
is dissipated away.
The amount of heat produced is:
work done W .D
H
mechanical equivqlent of heat J
J 4186 Joules / Kcal. 4200 Joules / Kcal.
2
I Rt VIt
H Kcal. Kcal.
4200 4200
2
Wt V t
Kcal. Kcal.
4200 4200 R
Thermal Efficiency
It is Defined as the ratio of the heat actually
utilized to the total heat produced electrically
Power.
• It is the rate of doing work. Its units is watt (W)
which represents I joule per second.
I W = 1 Jls .
If a force of F Newton moves a body with a
velocity of v m/s then
power = F x V watt
If the velocity v is in km/s, then
power = F x v kilowatt
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and kilocalorie(kcal)
• 1 kWh = 1000 x J/s x 3600 s =36 X 105 J
I kcal =4,186 J :. 1 kWh =36 x 105/4,186
=860 kcal
Miscellaneous Units
(i) 1watt hour (Wh) =1 J/s x 3600s =3600 J
(ii) 1 horse power (metric) =75 m-kg/s
=75 x 9.8=735.5 Jls or watt
(iii) 1 kilowatt(kW)=1000W and
1megawatt(MW)=106W
Calculation of Kilo-watt Power of a
Hydroelectric Station
Let
water discharge rate in cubic meters/second =Q m3 /s
net water head in meter (m).=H
G=9.8 m2 /s
Weight of I m3 of water = 1000 kg.,
Hence discharge rate =1000 Q kg/s
When this amount of water falls through a height of H
metre, then energy or work available per second or
available power is
= 1000 QgH Jls or
W =QgH kW
• A factory has a 240-V supply from which the following loads are taken:
• Lighting : Three hundred 150-W, four hundred 100 W and five
hundred 60-W lamps
Heating : 100 kW
Motors : A total of 44.76 kW (60 b.h.p.) with an average efficiency
of 75 percent
Misc. : Various load taking a current of 40 A.
Assuming that the lighting load is on for a period of 4 hours/day, the
heating for 10 hours per day and the remainder for 2 hours/day,
calculate the weekly consumption of the factory in kWh when
working on a 5-day week.
What current is taken when the lighting load only is switched on ?
The power consumed by each load can be tabulated as given below :
Power consumed:
Lighting :
300 x 150= 45,000 = 45 kW
400 x 100= 40,000 = 40 kW
500 x 60= 30,000 = 30 kW
Total = 115kW
Heating:
Heating = 100kW
Motors:
Motors = 44.76/0.75= 59.7kW
Misc. = 240x 40/1000= 9.6kW
Similarly, the energy consumed/day can be
tabulated as follows:
Lighting = 115kWx 4 hr = 460 kWh
Heating = 100kWx 10hr = 1,000kWh
Motors = 59.7kWx 2 hr = 119.4kWh
Misc. = 9.6kWx 2 hr = 19.2kWh
Total daily consumption = 1,598.6kWh
Weekly consumption = 1,598.6x 5=7,993kWh
Current taken by the lighting load alone = 115x 1000/240=479 A
