Index

[Link] of Organisms
[Link] Plantae
3. Classification of Plantae
[Link]
[Link]
6. Pteridophyta
7. Gymnosperms
8. Angiosperms
Characters Five Kingdoms

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell wall Noncellulosic Present in Present Present Absent

(Polysaccharid some with chitin (cellulose)
e
+amino acid)
Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present
membrane
Body Cellular Cellular Multiceullar/ Tissue/ Tissue/organ/
organisation loose tissue organ organ system
Autotrophic
(chemosyn- Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophi Heterotrophic
(Photosyn- (Saprophytic/ c (Holozoic/
thetic and Parasitic) Saprophytic
Mode of thetic)and (Photosyn-
photosynthetic)
nutrition Hetero- thetic) etc.)
and Hetero-
trophic(sapro- trophic
phytic/para-
sitic)
 Classification of
Organisms
Biologists,such as Ernst Haeckel(1894),Robert
Whittaker (1969)and Carl Woese(1977)have tried to
classify all living organisms into broad categories,
called kingdoms. The
classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms:
[Link] Robert [Link]
[Link] (1969)
[Link] Organisms
Prokaryotie Eukaryotic
[Link]
[Link] Unicellular Multicellular
MONERA
PROTISTA
These groups are formed on basis wiph eell wal Without cell all

the of their cell structure,mode and ANIMALIA

source of nutrition and body Phototrophic Heterotrophic

organization.
PLANTAE FUNGI

Further classification is done by

naming the sub-groups at various levels as given in
the following scheme:
Kingdom Phylum (for animals)/Division(for plants)
Class

Order
Family

Genus

Species
Kingdom Plantae
These are multicellular eukaryotes with cell [Link] are
autotrophs and use chlorophyll
for [Link],all
plants are included in this
[Link] first level of
classification among plants
depends on whether the plant
KINGDOM PLANTAE
body has well differentiated,
distinct [Link] next level of
classification is based on
whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the
transport of water and other [Link] classification
looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are

enclosed within fruits.

Kingdom Plantae includes all
eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing
organisms commonly called plants. A
few members are partially
heterotrophic such as the insectivorous plants or parasites.
Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous
plants and Cuscuta is a [Link] plant cells have a
eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall
mainly made of cellulose.
 Classification Of Plantae
The plant kingdom has been classified into five
subgroups according to the above-mentioned criteria

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

PLANT KINGDOM

CRYPTOGAMAE PHANEROGAMAE

THALLOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA
BRYOPH GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS
YTA

MONGCOT
ALG
AE
i
DICOT

LICHENS
 Thallophyta
Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in
this [Link] plants in this group are commonly called algae.
These plants are predominantly aquatic. Examples are
Spirogyra,Ulothrix,Cladophora,Ulva and Chara.

The algae reproduce by vegetative,asexual and sexual methods.

Vegetative reproduction is by [Link] fragment
develops into a [Link] reproduction is by the
production of different types
of spores,the most common
being the [Link] are
eolony flagellated(motile)and on
Parent
germination gives rise to new
eolony
[Link] reproduction
(a-i)
takes place through fusion of
two [Link] gametes can be flagellated and similar in
size(as in Ulothrix)or non-flagellated(non-motile)but similar
in size (as in Spirogyra).Such reproduction is called isogamous.
Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size,as in species of
Eudorina is termed as [Link] between one large,
nonmotile(static)female gamete and a smaller,motile male
gamete is termed oogamous,e.g.,Volvox,Fucus.
 Types Of Algae

The algae are divided into three main classes:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Classes Commo Major Stored Cell Wall Flagellar Habitat

n
Pigments Food Number
Name
and
Position of
Insertions
Chlorophycea Green Chlorophyll Starch Cellulose 2-8,equal Fresh water
e algae a,b apical brackish water,
salt water
Phaeophycea Brown Chlorophyll Mannitol Cellulose 2,unequal Fresh water
e algae (rare)brackis
a,c, laminarin and algin lateral
h
fucoxanthin
[Link]
water
Rhodophycea Red Chlorophyll Floridean Cellulose, Absent Fresh water
e algae a,d pectin (some),
starch
phycoerythri and poly brackish
n sulphate [Link]
esters water (most)
 Bryophytes
These are called the amphibians of the plant [Link] plant body is
commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf-like [Link],
there is no specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances
from one part of the plant body to [Link] are moss (Funaria)and
[Link] include the various mosses and liverworts that are
found commonly growing in
moist shaded areas in the hills.
The plant body of bryophytes
is more differentiated than that
of [Link] is thallus-like and
prostrate or erect,and attached
to the substratum by
unicellular or multicellular
[Link] lack true roots,stem or [Link] may possess root-like,
leaf-like or stem-like [Link] main plant body of the bryophyte is
[Link] produces gametes,hence is called a [Link] sex organs
in bryophytes are [Link] male sex organ is called antheridium.
They produce biflagellate [Link] female
sex organ called archegonium is flask-shaped and
produces a single [Link] antherozoids are released
into water where they come in contact with
[Link] antherozoid fuses with the egg to
produce the [Link] do not undergo
reduction division [Link] produce a multicellular body called a
[Link] sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the
photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from [Link] cells of
the sporophyte undergo reduction division(meiosis)to produce haploid
[Link] spores germinate to produce gametophyte.
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise
rocks and hence,are of great ecological [Link]
decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth
of higher [Link] mosses form dense mats on the
soil,they
reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil [Link]
oryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses.

According to the latest classification,Bryophytes are divided

into 2 classes:

[Link]

[Link]

BRYOPHYTA

1. Hepaticae
[Link] [Link]
Liverworts hornworts Mosses
[Link] eg. Anthoceros eg. Funaria

Marchantia Celumelis

Riccia Branch
(Female
)
Sporephyt
e

Thallus .Thallus

lnvelacre

Thallas
Fig:[Link] liverworts
Fig:[Link]-Anthoceres
Rhizoids
 Pteridophyta

In this group,the plant body is differentiated into roots,stem

and leaves and has specialized tissue for PTERIDOPHYTE PLANTS

the conduction of water and other

substances from one part of the plant
body to [Link] examples are
Marsilea,ferns and horse-tails The
reproductive organs of plants in all these
three groups are very inconspicuous,
and they are therefore called
cryptogams',or'those with hidden
reproductive organs'.On the other hand,
plants with well differentiated
reproductive parts that ultimately make seeds are called
[Link] are the result of sexual reproduction
[Link] consist of the embryo along with stored food,
which assists for the initial PTERIDOPHYTA
growth of the embryo
during [Link]
organs possess well-
differentiated vascular
[Link] leaves in
pteridophyta are small (microphylls)as in Selaginella or large
(macrophylls)as in [Link] sporophytes bear sporangia that
are subtended by leaf-like appendages called [Link]
some cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures
called strobili or [Link] sporangia produce spores by
meiosis in spore mother [Link] spores germinate to give rise
to inconspicuous,small but multicellular,free-living,mostly
photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.
Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium
result in the formation of [Link] thereafter
produces a multicellular well-differentiated
sporophyte which is the dominant phase of the
[Link] majority of the pteridophytes all
the spores are of similar kinds;such plants are
called [Link] like Selaginella
and Salvinia which produce two kinds of
spores,macro (large)and micro(small)spores,
known as [Link] megaspores and microspores
germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes,
[Link] female gametophytes in these plants are
retained on the parent sporophytes for variable [Link]
development of the zygotes into young embryos take place
within the female [Link] event is a precursor to the
seed habit considered an important step in [Link]
pteridophytes are further classified into four classes:
Psilopsida(Psilotum);Lycopsida(Selaginella,Lycopodium),
Sphenopsida(Equisetum)and Pteropsida(Dryopteris,Pteris,
Adiantum).
This term is derived from two Greek words:gymno-means naked
and sperma-means [Link] plants of this group bear naked seeds
and are usually perennial,evergreen and [Link] are pines
and [Link] include medium-sized
trees or tall trees and [Link] of the
gymnosperms,the giant redwood tree Sequoia is
one of the tallest tree [Link] roots are
generally tap [Link] in some genera have
fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza(Pinus),while in some
others (Cycas)small specialised roots called coralloid roots are
associated with N2-fixing [Link] stems are unbranched
(Cycas)or branched (Pinus,Cedrus).
The gymnosperms are heterosporous;they produce haploid
microspores and [Link] two kinds of spores
are produced within sporangia that are borne on
sporophylls which are arranged spirally along an axis
to form lax or compact strobili or [Link] strobili
bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are
called microsporangiate or male [Link]
microspores develop into a male gametophytic
generation which is highly reduced and is confined to
only a limited number of [Link] reduced gametophyte is called a
pollen [Link] development of pollen grains takes place within
the microsporangia.
Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes,in
gymnosperms the male and the female gametophytes
do not have an independent free-living [Link]
remain within the sporangia retained on the
[Link] pollen grain is released from the
[Link] are carried in air currents and
come in contact with the opening of the ovules borne
on [Link] pollen tube carrying the
male gametesgrows towards
archegonia in the ovules
and discharge their contents near
the mouth of the

archegonia. Following

fertilisation,zygote develops
into an embryo and the ovules
into [Link] seeds
are not covered

Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm Life Cycle sporophyte
archegonium (2n)

seed
H
mega-
embry sporangium
o in microsporangium
megagametophyte seed
(n)

zygote
pollen
diploid (2n)
cone pollen
grains lertlizalion meiosis
haploid (n)
sper
m microspore

microgametoph eg microgametophyte
g
yte (n)

sporophyte(2 (pollen grain -n) megaspore

n}
megagametophyte
(in ovule -n)
 Angiosperm
This word is made from two Greek words:angio means covered
and sperma-means [Link] are also called flowering plants.
The seeds develop inside an ovary which is modified to become
a [Link] embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.
Cotyledons are called 'seed leaves’because in many instances
they emerge and become
green when the seed
[Link] angiosperms
are divided into two groups
on the basis of the number of
cotyledons present in the
[Link] with seeds
having a single cotyledon are
called monocotyledonous or
[Link] with seeds
having two cotyledons are called [Link] dicotyledons are
characterised by seeds having two cotyledons,reticulate
venations in leaves,and tetramerous or pentamerous flowers,
i.e.,having four or five members in each floral [Link]
monocotyledons on the other hand are characterised by single
cotyledonous seeds,parallel venation in leaves,and trimerous
flowers having three members in each floral whorls.
The male sex organ in a flower is the [Link] stamen
consists of a slender filament with an anther at the [Link]
the anthers,the pollen mother cell divide by meiosis to produce
microspores which matures into pollen [Link] female sex
organ in a flower is the pistil.
Pistil consists of a swollen
ovary at its base,a long
slender style and stigma.
Inside the ovary,ovules are
[Link] each ovule
has a megaspore mother cell
that undergoes meiosis to
form four haploid [Link] of them degenerate and
one divide to form the embryo [Link] embryo-sac has a three-
celled egg
apparatus -one
egg cell and two
synergids,three
antipodal cells and
 two polar nuclei. The polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce a
diploid secondary [Link] grain,after dispersal from the
anthers, is carried by wind or various other agencies to the
stigma of a pistil. This is termed as pollination. The pollen
grains germinate on the stigma and the resulting pollen tubes

grow through the

tissues of stigma and
style and reach the
[Link] pollen tubes
enter the embryo- sac

where two male

gametes are
[Link] of the
male gametes fuses
with the egg cell
(syngamy)to form a
[Link] other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary
nucleus to produce the
Stigm triploid primary endosperm
a
Fllamen
Styie t Microspornngum nucleus (PEN).Because of
Megaspore
mother cell
Ovary the occurrence of two
Megasporanglum 0
(ovule ◎
西
fusions i.e.,syngamy and
triple
fusion,this
event is termed
Sporophy SPOROPH GAMETOP
YTIC HYTIC
te (2n) (n) as double
GENERATI GENERAT
ON ION
Microspor
fertilisation.
e graln)
Embr (pollen
yo *

Male
gamctophyte

Zygote
Eg Gametes
g