Introduction To Computers
Definition:
It is an electronic Device that is used for
information Processing.
Or
It is an electronic device which takes input and
provide the desired output.
Basics of Computers
Sr. Operation Description
No.
1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the
computer system.
2 Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available
for processing as and when required.
3 Processing Data Performing arithmetic, logical operations on data in
order to convert them into useful information.
4 Output Information The process of producing useful information or results
for the user, such as a printed report or visual display.
5 Control the Direct the manner and sequence in which all of the
workflow above operations are performed.
Basics of Computers
Basics of Computers
Input Unit: This unit contains devices with the help of
which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link
between user and computer.
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU
performs all types of data processing operations. It stores
data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It
controls the operations of all parts of computer.
CPU itself has the following three components
ALU (Arithmetic Logic U7nit)
Memory Unit V0
Control Unit
Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we
get the information from computer. This unit is a link
between computer and users.
Basics of Computers
Components of CPU
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): It is a digital circuit that
performs integer arithmetic and logical operations. The
ALU is a fundamental building block and
simplest microprocessors in the CPU.
Memory Unit: It is the amount of data that can be stored
in the storage unit.
Control Unit: It is a component of CPU that directs
operation of the processor. It controls communication and
co-ordination between input/output devices. It reads and
interprets instructions and determines the sequence for
processing the data
Basics of Computers
• Accepts input, processes data, stores data and
produces output
• Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer
System
• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts,
objects and ideas
• Processing is the way that a Computer manipulates
data
• A Computer processes data in a device called the
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Introduction To Computers
• Memory is an area of a computer that holds data
that is waiting to be processed, stored or output
• Storage is the area where data can be left on a
permanent basis
• Computer output is the result produced by the
computer
• An output device displays, prints or transmits the
results of processing
Introduction To Computers
• Definition:
• Introduction To Computer Software
• Operating system
• Problem solving Techniques
• Computer Prog ramming languages
• Computer Threats
Characteristics of Computers
• High Processing Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
• Persistent
• Storage
• No feeling
• Automatic
Introduction To Computers
Computer programs
Set of instructions for which computer
processes data
Hardware
Physical devices of computer system
Software
Programs that run on computers
Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and
tangible components of the computer, i.e., the
components that can be seen and touched.
Examples are following:
Input devices -- keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output devices -- printer, monitor, etc.
Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk,
CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components -- CPU, motherboard,
RAM, etc.
Relationship between Hardware
& Software
Mutually dependent. Both of them must work together to make
computer produce a useful output.
Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be
utilized and is useless.
To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software
should be loaded into the hardware.
Hardware is a one time expense.
Software development is very expensive and is a continuing
expense.
Different softwares can be loaded on a hardware to run different
jobs.
A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its
'soul'. Both are complimentary to each other.
Software
Software is a set of programs, which are
designed to perform a well-defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions
written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software:
System Software
Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of
programs designed to operate, control
and extend the processing capabilities of
the computer itself. System software are
generally prepared by computer
manufacturers. For Example: OS,
Compiler, Interpreter etc.
Features of System Software are
the following System Software
Close to system.
Fast in speed.
Difficult to design.
Difficult to understand.
Less interactive.
Smaller in size.
Difficult to manipulate.
Generally written in low-level language.
Application Software
Application softwares are the softwares
that are designed to satisfy a particular
need of a particular environment. All
softwares prepared by programmers in
the computer lab can come under the
category of Application Software.
Examples of Application Software
Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft PowerPoint
Generally written in High-level language.
Generations of Computers
Generation of Computers
• First Generation (1946-59)
• Second Generation(1959-64)
• Third Generation(1965-70)
• Fourth Generation(1970-90)
• Fifth Generation(1990 till date)
Generations of Computers
Continue…
Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers
Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Generation 5: ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
Generations of Computers
Continue…
First Second Third Fourth Gen.
Generation Gen. Gen.
Technology Vacuum Transistors Integrated Microchips
Tubes Circuits (millions of
(multiple transistors)
transistors)
Size Filled Whole Filled half a Smaller Tiny - Palm
Buildings room Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
Generation 1 : ENIAC
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in
1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer
Generation 2: IBM7094
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: VLSI
Improvements to IC technology made it
possible to integrate more and more transistors
in a single chip
SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100
MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-
1,000
LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-
10,000
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration):
>10,000
Microprocessors
Generation 5?
The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes
to refer to all more or less “sci fi” future
developments
Voice Recognition
Artificial Intelligence
