Stoichiometry:

Calculations with
Chemical Equations

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations

The coefficients in the balanced equation give

the ratio of moles of reactants and products

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
From the mass of
Substance A you can
use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass
of Substance B
formed (if it’s a
product) or used (if
it’s a reactant)

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10.g ?
+ ?
Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric calculations
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?

Stoichiometry
 Purity of reactants

• Percent purity refers to the

proportion of a given substance
that is pure, i.e., not contaminated
with other substances.
• If a reactant is not 100% pure, it
means that a portion of it will not
participate in the reaction, which
will affect the stoichiometric
calculations. Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Example: 10 grams of sample containing 98 % by mass
C6H12O6 react in a combustion reaction. How many grams
of each product are produced?

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

10 g of 98 % C6H12O6 ? + ?

0.98 (10) = 9.8 g ? + ?

Starting with 9.8 g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
Stoichiometry
and then turn the moles to grams
When all reactants' quantities are given
TERMINOLOGY
1. Limiting reactant – species in a
chemical reaction that would
theoretically run out first if the reaction
were to proceed to completion.
• Even if the reaction does not proceed to
completion
2. Excess reactant – all reactants other
than the limiting reactant
- species in excess of what is neededStoichiometry
  fed  theo
%excess  x100
theo

– Theoretical – amount of reactant required

to react with the limiting reactant

Stoichiometry
How to determine the limiting
reactant?
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
Given:
5 moles 5 moles
Required:
? moles
1. By inspection ( ratio are simple). Just state in your
solution that you did it by inspection.
2. Using one of the reactant, calculate the other one
needed, and compare the result with what is
available
Stoichiometry
How to determine the limiting
reactant? 2 H + O  2 H O
2 2 2

Given:
5 moles 5 moles
2. Using of of the reactant, calculate the other one
needed, and compare the result with what is available
using 5 mol H2
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 2
O2 needed = 5 mol H2 𝑥
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2
¿ 2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 2

2.5 moles O2 needed Vs 5 mol O2 available

Therefore, O2 is excess and H22𝑚𝑜𝑙
is limiting
𝐻2 𝑂reactant
H2O produced = 5 mol H2 𝑥 ¿5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 Stoichiometry
How to determine the limiting
reactant? 2 H + O  2 H O
2 2 2

Given:
5 moles 5 moles
2. Using of of the reactant, calculate the other one
needed, and compare the result with what is available
or using 5 mol O2
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2
H2 needed = 5 mol O2 𝑥
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 2
¿ 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2

10 moles H2 needed Vs 5 mol H2 available

Therefore, H2 is limiting and O22𝑚𝑜𝑙
is excess
𝐻2 𝑂reactant
H2O produced = 5 mol H2 𝑥 ¿5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 Stoichiometry
How to determine the limiting
reactant? 2 H + O  2 H O
2 2 2

Given:
5 moles 5 moles
3. Comparing Stoichiometric ratio with actual ratio

¿ = 2

¿ = 1

¿ ¿Since
H2 is limiting reactant
>

(if the actual ratio is smaller, the item on top is

Stoichiometry
limiting, and if the ratio is bigger , the item on top is
excess
How to determine the limiting
reactant? 2 H + O  2 H O
2 2 2

Given:
5 moles 5 moles
4. Calculating expected product using both reactant and
choose the smallest which is produced using limiting
reactant
using 5 mol H2 :
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
H2O produced = 5 mol H2 𝑥
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2
¿5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
using 5 mol O2 :
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
H2O produced = 5 mol O2 𝑥 ¿10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑂
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 2
Maximum product = 5 mol H2O, and H2 is the limiting reactant
Stoichiometry
Problem

Consider respiration, one of the most

common chemical reactions on earth.
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the

reaction of 25 grams of glucose with 40
grams of oxygen?

Stoichiometry
 C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
25 g 40 g ?
First get moles
mol glucose = 25 g x

mol oxygen = 40 g x
Using option two in determining limiting reactant
With 0.14 g glucose
needed O2 = 0.14 mol x
Comparing the 1.25 g available with 0.84 required
O2 is excess and glucose is the limiting reactant Stoichiometry
 C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
25 g 40 g ?

mol glucose = 25 g x

mol oxygen = 40 g x

From previous; O2 is excess, and glucose is the limiting

reactant
g CO2 formed =

= Stoichiometry
 C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
25 g 40 g ?
mol glucose = 25 g x
mol oxygen = 40 g x

Using option three in determining limiting reactant

¿ = 6

¿ = 8.92
Since actual is bigger, O2 is excess, and glucose is theStoichiometry
limiting reactant
 C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
25 g 40 g ?
mol glucose = 25 g x
mol oxygen = 40 g x

Using option four, calculating the product without knowing

the limiting reactant first
g CO2 formed using glucose
=

g CO2 formed using O2

= Stoichiometry
 C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
25 g 40 g ?
mol glucose = 25 g x
mol oxygen = 40 g x

g CO2 formed using glucose

=

Final answer is 36.96 g CO2 since it is smaller, and glucose is

the limiting reactant
Stoichiometry
When the reaction does not go to
completion
TERMINOLOGY
Conversion/Degree of completion –
fraction of feed or some key material in
the feed that is converted to products
- usually based on the degree of
completion of the limiting reactant

Stoichiometry
Actual Yield –amount of product actually
produced
Theoretical yield – amount pf product
calculated using the limiting reactant
% yield =.

Stoichiometry
Problem
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in
the presence of a catalyst, according to the reaction
below.
2KClO3(s). → 2KCl(s) +. 3O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 40.0g KClO3 is heated until it
completely decomposes. What is the theoretical yield of
oxygen gas?
The experiment is performed, the oxygen gas is
collected, and its mass is found to be 14.9g. What is
the percent yield for the reaction?

Stoichiometry
Given:
2KClO3(s). → 2KCl(s) +. 3O2(g)
Available KClO3 = 40.0g
Actual yield O2 = 14.9g
Required: percent yield

x x x
Theoretical O2 = 40 g KClO3

= 15.67 g O2

% yield = =
Stoichiometry
= 95.09 %