Tashkent Medical Academy
Medical radiology department
Lecturer:Radiologist MD
Tairova M.I.
In the recent half century, diagnostic radiology has
undergone dramatic changes and developments.
Conventional angiography, nuclear medicine,
ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) were
developed between 1950 and 1970. Magnetic
resonance (MR) imaging, interventional radiology, and
positron emission tomography (PET) were developed
later.
Diagnostic imaging of
fibroids
X-rays are produced within the X-
ray machine, also known as an X-
ray tube. No external radioactive
material is involved. Radiographers
can change the current and voltage
settings on the X-ray machine in
order to manipulate the properties
of the X-ray beam produced.
Different X-ray beam spectra are
applied to different body parts.
.
X-rays travel in straight lines
Body parts further away from the detector are magnified compared with
those that are closer
Occasionally magnification can be helpful in localising abnormalities
An X-ray image is a map of X-ray attenuation
Attenuation of X-rays is variable depending on
density and thickness of tissues
Describing X-ray abnormalities in terms of
density may help in determining the tissue
involved
Pneumoperito
neum
Fluoroscopy
is a type of medical imaging that shows
a continuous X-ray image on a monitor,
much like an X-ray movie. During a
fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray beam is
passed through the body. The image is
transmitted to a monitor so the
movement of a body part or of an
instrument or contrast agent (“X-ray
dye”) through the body can be seen in
detail.
Advantages:
- Examination in real time;
- Treatment procedures
- Low price
Disadvantages:
- low tissue contrast;
- High radiation;
- An x-ray image of the object cannot be
obtained on film.
How does a digital X-ray differ from a traditional X-ray?
1. Digital X-rays produce very little radiation compared to traditional X-rays.
However, if used sparingly, traditional X-rays are deemed safe.
2. Developing images captured using a traditional X-ray needs a substantial
amount of time. In contrast, doctors can make a proper diagnosis with digital
X-rays and provide the right treatment quickly as they are available
immediately.
3. Compared to traditional X-rays, digital X-rays provide better and clearer
images with high resolution that can be enlarged or manipulated as needed,
minimizing the need for repeating the procedure.
4. Since traditional X-rays are printed on a film, there is no chance of tampering
with them. Digital X-rays, however, are prone to tampering and loss of
records.
5. Traditional X-rays use various chemicals that have a negative impact on the
environment, whereas digital X-rays do not require any chemicals. Therefore,
digital X-rays are a more environmentally friendly choice.
6. They also eliminate the need for a darkroom to develop films and generally
require smaller equipment that takes up less space in a room.
7. Digital X-ray systems use virtual storage that is easy to access. In contrast, a
traditional X-ray system uses films that utilize a lot of storage space and can
Photofluorography
Cheap method (photofilms)
The radiation level is high
Less informative
Angiography, which allows a Hysterosalpingography is primarily
doctor to examine the blood used to evaluate the patency of
vessels and various organs to fallopian tubes and uterine
detect obstructions, tumors, and abnormalities in patients with
other problems in the heart, infertility.
lungs, kidneys, arms, and legs
Intravenous pyelography, or IVP, A barium enema/Irrigography, also
which allows the doctor to called a lower GI series, which is
examine the urinary system, used to examine the colon and
such as the kidneys, ureters, and rectum and detect polyps, cancer,
bladder, and identify tumors, inflammation, and diverticula
cysts, and stones (pouches within the colon)
Cholangiography is the Upper GI (gastrointestinal) and small
imaging of the bile duct (also bowel series, which are used to examine
known as the biliary tree) by the esophagus, stomach, and upper small
intestine and identify ulcers, obstructions,
x-rays and an injection of
tumors, or inflammations
contrast medium.
Radiocontrast agents are substances used to enhance the visibility of
internal structures in X-ray-based imaging techniques such as computed
tomography (contrast CT), projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy.
Computed
Tomography
Layered x-ray examination is a method in which an object is scanned by
circular scanning of a thin beam of x-rays based on computer image
reconstruction.
• Detailed Images: Provides clear images of
both bone and soft tissue structures.
• Versatility: Capable of scanning all body
sections (axial, coronal, sagittal) with high
precision (cuts up to 1 mm).
• Speed: Relatively quick procedure, making it
efficient for emergency situations.
• Comprehensive: Suitable for full-body scans
("head to toe").
• 3D Reconstruction: Allows for three-
dimensional visualization of the scanned
area.
• Advanced Technology: Utilizes modern
techniques such as spiral scanning, 3D CT,
multislice scanning, and virtual endoscopy.
• Diagnostic Accuracy: High level of detail
enhances diagnostic accuracy for a wide
range of conditions.
Hounsfield Units quantify the radiodensity of tissues in CT scans.
Scale: The scale is based on the radiodensity of distilled water (0
HU) and air (-1000 HU).
Tissue Differentiation: Different tissues have distinct HU values,
allowing for clear differentiation (e.g., bone is around +1000 HU,
while fat is around -100 HU).
Diagnostic Utility: Helps in identifying and characterizing various
tissues and abnormalities based on their HU values.
A CT window is a setting that determines how CT images are
displayed by adjusting the contrast and brightness to
highlight specific tissues or structures.
1.Definition: CT windows adjust the range of
Hounsfield Units (HU) displayed, enhancing
visualization of particular tissues.
2.Types:
1. Bone Window: Highlights bony
structures, making fine details in bone
visible.
2. Soft Tissue Window: Enhances the
visibility of muscles, organs, and soft
tissues.
3. Lung Window: Optimizes the view of
lung tissues and airways.
4. Brain Window: Specifically designed
to visualize the brain's soft tissues,
helping to identify abnormalities such
as tumors, bleeding, and infarctions.
3.Purpose: Different windows are used to
focus on and better visualize specific
anatomical details and pathologies.
4.Customization: The window level (center
of HU range) and window width (range of HU
Mammography is the process of using low-energy X-rays
to examine the human breast for early diagnosis and
screening.
Types of Mammography:
1.Screening Mammography: Routine checks for
women without any symptoms, usually performed
every 1-2 years for women over 40.
2.Diagnostic Mammography: More detailed imaging
for women with symptoms or abnormal screening
results.
Advancements:
•Digital Mammography: Better image storage and
analysis, lower radiation doses.
•3D Mammography (Tomosynthesis): Creates a three-
dimensional image of the breast, improving detection
rates and reducing false positives.
•Galactography: Also known as breast ductography,
galactography is a type of mammography that is
mainly used to visualize the milk ducts using a
radiopaque substance that is injected into the duct
system.
•Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is a
combination of standard mammography and
iodinated contrast material administration.
(A) Positioning of the patient for the craniocaudal view of the
mammogram. (B) Positioning of the patient for the
mediolateral oblique view of the mammogram.
Scintigraphy, also known as nuclear medicine imaging or radionuclide imaging,
is a diagnostic technique used to visualize and analyze the function of organs and tissues in
the body. It involves the use of small amounts of radioactive substances (radiotracers) that
emit gamma rays detectable by a special camera. Here’s a summary of scintigraphy:
Purpose:
•Functional Imaging: To assess the function of various organs and tissues, such as the
heart, lungs, thyroid, bones, kidneys, and liver.
•Disease Detection: To detect abnormalities such as tumors, infections, fractures, and
other conditions affecting organ function.
Procedure:
1.Radiotracer Administration: A small
amount of a radioactive substance is
injected, swallowed, or inhaled, depending
on the organ being examined.
2.Distribution: The radiotracer travels
through the bloodstream and accumulates
in the target organ or tissue.
3.Imaging: A gamma camera captures
images of the radiotracer’s distribution
within the body, highlighting areas of high
or low activity.
4.Duration: The procedure can take from
Positron emission computer tomography
Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET/CT) is a hybrid
imaging technique that combines the functional imaging capabilities of PET with the
detailed anatomical imaging provided by CT. This combination allows for more
precise localization and characterization of abnormalities, enhancing diagnostic
accuracy.
Purpose:
Integrated Imaging: To provide both metabolic and anatomical information in a single
scan.
Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring: To detect, diagnose, stage, and monitor various
diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.
Procedure:
Radiotracer Administration: A radioactive substance
(radiotracer), commonly fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), is
injected into the bloodstream
Radiotracer Distribution: The radiotracer travels through the
body and accumulates in areas with high metabolic activity.
PET Imaging: The PET scanner detects gamma rays emitted
by the radiotracer, creating images that show metabolic
activity.
CT Imaging: The CT scanner takes X-ray images of the
body's internal structures, providing detailed anatomical 3 D
information.
Image Fusion:
The PET and CT images are combined using specialized
software, aligning metabolic and anatomical data for precise
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE RFP
• Low radiotoxicity
• Short half-life
• Radiation convenient for
registration (convenient to
register the gamma radiation
spectrum)
Appropriate biological properties, which determine the participation
of metabolism and allow you to solve specific problems
Short halflife - appropriate pharmacodynamics, in which the RFP is
rapidly eliminated from the body
Thank you
for your
attention!!!
