NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PATNA 13

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING LAB (6TH SEM)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 Determine pH value of given sample of water.

2 Determine the turbidity of the given sample of water.
3 Determine suspended, dissolved solids and total solids of given sample of water.
4 Determine the dissolved oxygen in a sample of water.
5 Draw sketches of various valves used in water supply pipe line
6 Determine pH value of given sample of sewage.
7 Determine B.O.D. of given sample of sewage.
8 Determine C.O.D. of given sample of sewage.

 PRACTICAL OUTCOMES

Sl.No. POs
PO1 Utilize a variety of techniques to analyze key parameters of water and wastewater.
PO2 Evaluate the significance of water quality indicators for environmental and human health.

PO3 Make informed decision regarding water treatment and remediation strategies.
PO4 Interpret and communicate complex data effectively in the context of water management.
PO5 Determine pH value of given sample of sewage.

 MAPPING
S.NO. PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
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Experiment No. :-01

AIM
Determine pH value of given sample of water.

Practical Significance
Determination of pH is one of the important objectives considered in evaluation of quality of water
source to be used for drinking water supply. The pH level of water measures how acidic it is (pH
stands for potential hydrogen, referring to how much hydrogen is mixed with the water.) 7 is a
balanced pH for water. pH is important in various treatment processes of water i.e. coagulation and
chlorination. It is also important for corrosion control, removal of Iron and Manganese as well in
softening of water.

Determination of (pH) quality of water for domestic and industrial water supply.

a. Determination of pH value of given sample of water

b. Comparing two water sources based on their pH value.

THEORY
pH value shows the potential of hydrogen ion concentration present in water sample. The term pH
refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as the negative log of
H+ ions concentration in water. It is an indicator of acidity and alkalinity of water sample. The
value of pH is inversely proportional to the temperature.

Where H+ is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter of water.

The value of pH, 0 to little less than 7 are termed as acidic and values of pH little above 7 to
14 are termed as alkaline. When the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal then it is termed as
neutral (pH =7)

Acceptable limit of pH for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 as per WHO. For pH values greater than pH
10, the rusting rate seems to fall as pH is increased. Low pH value will cause acidosis of kidneys
and lungs.

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II. Experimental Set-up

Figure 1: Digital pH meter.

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Resources required
Sr. No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark I

4 Digit display (LED),

1. Digital pH meter Oto 1000 mV, Resolution: 0.01 pH 1 No. Per batch
manual temp., compensation: 0 to 80
°C

Standard glassware beaker of 500 ml.

2. Beaker 3 Nos. Per batch
capacity

Procedure
1. Preparation of Buffer solution.
• Take 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker.
• Put the buffer tablet in the distilled water.
• Disperse the buffer tablet in the distilled water by continuously stirring action.
• Prepare the buffer solution of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2

2. Calibration of the instrument.

The instrument should be calibrated before beginning the measurement
• First rinse the electrode with distilled water and dries its bulb by using tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode in a buffer solution of pH 7.
• Set the temperature (°C) control to the room temperature.
• Set the function selector to pH position and adjust the CALIBRATE control until the
meter displays the precise pH of buffer solution.
• Now the set the function selector switched to STAND BY position.
• Remove the electrode from buffer solution. Wash it with distilled water and wipe out with
tissue paper. Repeat the above procedure for calibration with buffer solution of 4.0 and 9.2
pH values.
3. Operation of Instrument
• Calibrate the pH meter with two standard buffer solutions as per the above procedure.
• Clean and rinse the electrode thoroughly with distilled water and carefully wipe with
tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode into the sample of solution. Stir the solution by keeping on magnetic
stirrer or stir it manually.
• Wait up to 1 minute for steady reading +0.1 pH units.
• Record reading in steady condition after one minute.

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Observations

Particulars Sample age value of of

Sr. pH
NoA.ver
water
Type of Sample
Tap water (Treated water)

Bore Well water

Surface water (Lake, River etc.)

Sample Calculation

For Observation No...........

Average pH= pH (1) +pH (2) /2 = ..............

Average pH of Tap water=....................................

Average pH of Bore Well water=·...................................

Average pH of surface
water= ....................................

Results
The pH value of untreated or raw water is observed as .................... .

Precautions
1. Use clean and dry beakers.
2. The Standardization of pH meter is essential before use.
3. Clean and wipe out electrode every time of immersion.
4. Record the temperature of room.
5. Record reading in steady condition.

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Experiment No.:- 02
AIM
Determine the turbidity of the given sample of water.

Turbidity of Water

I. Practical Significance
Turbidity is the degree to which a transparent liquid scatters light, usually a measure of the
amount of suspended material in the liquid. Even after settlement of heavy particles, small tiny
particles remain in suspension and water appears turbid. These suspended solid and colloidal
particles cause turbidity in water. Turbid water can indicate the presence of high bacteria levels,
pathogens, or particles that can shelter harmful organisms. To decide quantum of further
treatments i.e. chemical coagulation, clariflocculation, filtration, disinfection; turbidity of water is
important. Therefore water treatment plants constantly monitor turbidity levels to ensure that
the water does not exceed permissible limit.

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II. THEORY
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused due to large numbers of individual particles
that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. Some examples of the
problems caused by high turbidity include. When there are more particles in the water, temperature
increases. Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. If water has high turbidity, it shows its less
transparency on turbidity meter in respective unit. Turbidity is usually measured in
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) or Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU), depending on the method
used for measurement.

III. Experimental Set-up

Figure l: Digital Turbidity Meter.

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IV. Resources required

S.No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark I

Range Oto 200NTU, Resolution lNTU,
Accuracy:
± 3% FS, ± l Digit, Display3½ Digit
7- Segment LED Light Source6V,
1. Digital Turbidity 0.3Amp Tungsten Lamp, Detector: 1 No. Per batch
Meter Photodiode,
Sample System:30 mm Clear Glass Test
Tubes, Power230 V ± 10% AC, 50 Hz,
Accessories Test tube Set of 5,
Operation Manual, Dust Cover

Standard glassware beaker of 500 ml.

2. Beaker 3 Nos. Per batch
capacity

V. Procedure
1. Calibration and Standardization
Turbidity Meter calibration: The manufacturer's operating instructions should be followed.
Measure standards on the turbidity meter covering the range of interest. If the instrument
is already calibrated in standard turbidity units, this procedure will check the accuracy of
the calibration scales. At least one standard should run in each instrument range to be used.
Some instruments permit adjustments of sensitivity so that scale values will correspond to
turbidities. Solid standards, such as those made of Lucite blocks, should never be used due
to potential calibration changes caused by surface scratches. If a pre-calibrated scale is
not supplied, calibration curves should be prepared for each range of the instrument.
2. Measurement
a. Turbidities less than 40 units: If possible, allow samples to come to room temperature
before analysis. Mix the sample to thoroughly disperse the solids present in it. Wait until
air bubbles disappear and then pour the sample into the turbid meter tube. Read the
turbidity directly from the instrument scale or from the appropriate calibration
curve.
b. Turbidities exceeding 40 units: Dilute the sample with one or more volumes of turbidity-free
water until the turbidity falls below 40 units. The turbidity of the original
sample is then computed from the turbidity of the diluted sample and the
dilution factor. For example, if 5 volumes of turbidity-free water were added to
1 volume of sample, and the diluted sample showed a turbidity of 30 units,
then the turbidity of the original sample was 180 units.
c. Some Turbidity Meters are equipped with several separate scales. The higher scales are to be
used only as indicators of required dilution volumes to reduce readings to less than
40 NTU.

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VI. Precautions to be followed

1. Use clean and dry beakers.
2. The Standardization of Turbidity meter is essential before use.
3. Clean and wipe out an outer surface of glass tube.
4. Record reading in steady condition.

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VII. Observations
Particulars Sample No.
Average
Turbidity
Type of Sample value
(NTU/JTU)

Standard water (Distilled water)

Bore well water

Surface Water

Tap Water

Sample Calculation

For Observation No...........

Average Turbidity= Reading (1) + Reading (2) /2 = ..............

Average Turbidity of water sample l_ =·......................................... NTU

VIII. Results
The turbidity of given water sample is observed as.................... NTU

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Experiment No. 03
AIM
To Determine suspended, dissolved solids and total solids of given sample of water.

Practical Significance
Estimation of total dissolved solids is useful to determine whether the water is suitable for
drinking purpose, agriculture and industrial purpose. The term "solids" is generally used when
referring to any material suspended or dissolved in water that can be physically isolated either
through filtration or through evaporation. Total solids are dissolved solids plus suspended and
settleable solids in water. Dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate, phosphorus, iron,
sulfur, and other ions particles. Suspended solids include silt and clay particles, plankton, algae, fine
organic debris, and other particulate matter.

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I. THEORY

• Total Solids (TS): This is the matter that remains as residue upon evaporation and drying of
water sample at 103° C - 105° C in an oven. This is called Total solids.
• Suspended Solids (SS): These are the solids in raw water/wastewater that remain present on
filter paper after filtering the sample through a fine filter.(Whatman's Filter paper
No.42).The suspended solids contain much of the organic matter.
• Dissolved Solids (DS): The filtrate remaining in beaker after filtering the sample through filter
contains dissolved solids. It includes mainly inorganic salts, small amount of organic matter and
dissolved gases.
• Fixed Solids: The residue remain after the ignition of the sample in muffle furnace at
550°C represents the fixed solids. These represent the organic matter in water.
• Volatile Solids: The difference between the suspended solids and fixed solids represent the
amount of organic matter present in water.

Suspende
Dissolved d
Solids Solids

Fixed Solids
Fixed
Solids (Inorganic
(Inorganic
Solids) Solids)

(Organic (Organic
Solids) Solids

Figure 1 : Classification of Total solids

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II. Experimental Set-up

Whatman's filter paper Evaporating Dish Hot Air Oven

Figure 2: Total Solids Set up

III. Resources required

Sr.No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark I

Electric Oven with digital

1. Hot Air Oven control(Tempertature:300° C. 25 kg 1 No. Per batch
capacity)

Standard glassware or Porcelain dish

2. Evaporating Dish of 90 mm diameter and 100 ml 3 Nos. Per batch
capacity.

3. Filter Papers batman's filter paper No.42 1 No. Per batch

Electronic weighing balance of

4. Weighing Balance 1 No. Per batch
accuracy 0.01 g

IV. Procedure
• For Total Solids:

1. Weigh the given porcelain dish (clean & dry) and record its weight (W1) gm.
2. Take 100 ml of sample in porcelain dish.
3. Place the dish in an oven.
4. Evaporate to dryness in an oven at 103°C to 105°C for about 24 hrs.

5. Cool the dish and weight it (W4).

• For suspended solids.
1. Take a whatman's filter paper no. 42 and record its weight (W3) gm.
2. Filter 100 ml sample of water by using above filter paper.
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3. Place the filter paper with residue in an oven and evaporate it to dryness.

4. Read the weight of the filter paper and residue (W4).

V. Precautions
1. Use clean and dry evaporating dish.
2. Take weight and record carefully.
3. Maintain temperature of oven as per requirement.
4. Record the temperature of room.
5. Record weight in steady condition

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VI. Observations

• For Total Solids (TS)

Sr. Name of Volume of Weight of dish (gm)

I Water/Type of Sample(mL)
No Sample Initial (W1) Difference

• For Suspended Solids (SS)

Weight of filter paper (gm)

Sr. Name of
Volume of
Water/Type of Difference
No Sample(mL)
Sample

Sample Calculation:

1. Concentration of Total Solids,(mg/L) = (W2-W1) X 1000 X 1000

Volume of Sample in mL

2. mg/L

Concentration of Total Suspended Solids,(mg/L) = .QY:4-W,) X 1000 X 1000

Volume of Sample in mL

- mg/L

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3. Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids,(mg/L) = (Cone. ofTS)-(Conc. ofSS)

mg/L

VII. Results

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Experiment No.04
AIM
Determine the dissolved oxygen in a sample of water.

I. Practical Significance

Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water and is particularly
important in aquatic ecology. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important indicators of
water quality. It is essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. Oxygen
dissolves in surface water from atmosphere. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are constantly
affected by diffusion and aeration, photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. While water
equilibrates toward 100% air saturation, dissolved oxygen levels will also fluctuate with
temperature, salinity and pressure changes

II. THEORY

 Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of water quality and eutrophication status of surface water. The
term Dissolved Oxygen (DO) refers to the amount of free oxygen dissolved in water which is readily
available to respiring aquatic organisms. As dissolved oxygen levels in drinking water should be 5.0 mg/1.
Aquatic life is put under stress if the lower the concentration. Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/1 for
a few hours can result in large fish kills. For the conclusion, Dissolved oxygen content is direct measure
of freshness of water and hence determination of its presence is important

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III. Experimental Set-up

Figure 1: Digital DO meter.

IV. Resources required

Sr.No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark I
Range: 0 to 20 ppm, Resolution: 0.1
1. Digital DO meter ppm, Temperature Compensation: 0 to 1 No. Per batch
50 °c.

Standard glassware beaker of 500

2. Beaker 3 Nos. Per batch
ml. capacity

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V. Procedure
1. Calibration Before measurement
• Disconnect the " OXYGEN PROBE plug " from the main instrument" Input socket"
• Power on the instrument by selects the "On/Off Switch "to the "On "position. Slide the "DO
/ CAL Switch "to the "CAL" position. Adjust the "ZERO Adj. VR "until the display shows
zero value.
• Power off, connect the "OXYGEN PROBE plug "to the main instrument "Input Socket
"then power on. Wait 5 minutes at least until the display reading values become stable & no
fluctuation. Adjust the "CAL Adj. VR" until the display reading shows the values exact
same as 20.9 (As the oxygen in air is 20.9 % typically) (Calibration consideration: Please
make calibration procedures under wide and ventilating environment for best effect.)

2. Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) measurement

• After the meter be calibrated, don't adjust the " CAL Adj. VR " & " ZERO Adj. VR"
again until next calibration procedures be done
• Slide the "DO / CAL Switch "to the "DO " position.
• Immersed the probe to a depth at least 10 cm of the measured liquid in order for the
probe to be influenced by the temp. & automatic temperature compensation to take
place. As for the thermal equilibrium to occur between the probe & the measurement
sample must be allowed to pass, which usually amounts to a few minutes if the temp.
Difference between the two is only several C degrees.
• In order to measure the dissolved oxygen content in any given liquid, it is sufficient to
immerse the tip of the probe in the solution, making sure that velocity of the liquid
coming into contact with the probe is at least 0.2 - 0.3 mis or shake the probe. During
laboratory measurements, the use of a magnetic agitator to ensure a certain velocity
in the fluid is recommended. In this way, errors due to the diffusion of the
oxygen present in the air in the solution are reducing to a minimum.
• Rinsed the probe accurately with normal tap water after each series of
measurement.

VI. Precautions
1. Use clean and dry beakers.
2. The Standardization of DO meter is essential before use.
3. Clean and wipe out probe/electrode every time of immersion.
4. Record the temperature of room.
5. Record reading in steady condition.

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VII. Observations

Particulars Sample No. I Average I

S.No. DO
Type of Sample 1 (mg/I) I 2(mg/l) (mg/I)

1 Tap water (Treated water)

2 Bore well water

3 I Surface water (Lake, River)

Sample Calculation

For Observation No...........

Average DO= DO (1) + DO (2) /2 = ..............

Average DO of Tap water_=•··································· Average DO of

Bore water_ =·...................................

Average DO of surface water_=....................................

VIII. Results
The dissolved oxygen in untreated or raw water is observed
as ..................... mg / 1.

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EXPERIMENT NO:-05

AIM:

To draw sketches of various types of valves used in water supply pipelines, including gate valves, globe valves,
ball valves, butterfly valves, check valves, and pressure relief valves.

Apparatus:

1. Drawing sheets
2. Pencils and erasers
3. Rulers and scale
4. Colored pencils or markers (optional)
5. Reference materials or examples of valves (catalogs, manuals, or online resources)

Theory:

Valves are essential components in water supply systems, used to control the flow and pressure of water. Different
types of valves are used for specific purposes, each having unique characteristics and applications.

Procedure:

1. Reference Collection:
o Gather reference materials or examples of the different types of valves from catalogs, manuals, or
online resources.
2. Sketching Valves:
o Using the reference materials, draw the standard sketches for the following types of valves:

Valve Sketches:
1. Gate Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Used to start or stop the flow of water
o Linear motion valve
o Not suitable for throttling applications

Sketch:

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2. Globe Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Used for regulating flow
o Provides good throttling capabilities
o Spherical body shape

Sketch:

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3. Ball Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Quick to open and close
o Provides tight shutoff
o Suitable for on/off control without pressure drop

Sketch:

4. Butterfly Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Used for isolating or regulating flow
o Quick operation
o Suitable for large volume flow

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5. Check Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Allows flow in one direction only
o Prevents backflow
o Various types such as swing check and lift check

Sketch (Swing Check Valve):

6. Pressure Relief Valve:

 Characteristics:
o Protects system from overpressure
o Opens to release excess pressure
o Automatically closes when pressure returns to normal

Sketch:

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Observations:
 Observe the internal and external components of each valve.
 Note the differences in design and function between the various types of valves.

Results:
 The sketches provide a visual representation of the different types of valves used in water supply pipelines.

Precautions:

1. Ensure accurate scaling while drawing the sketches.

2. Use reference materials to adhere to the design standards.
3. Label each component clearly in the sketches.

Conclusion:
 The experiment helps in understanding the different types of valves used in water supply pipelines and
highlights their unique characteristics and applications. The sketches serve as a visual aid for identifying
and differentiating between various valves.

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EXPERIMENT No. 06
I. AIM
To determine pH value of given sample of sewage.
Practical Significance
Determination of pH is one of the important objectives considered in evaluation of quality
of wastewater generated from different sources of the community. The pH value is
having large scale importance in water and wastewater treatments as it controls treatment
processes. The pH value of wastewater must be taken into account while deciding treatment
of wastewater.
• If pH value is low, wastewater is acidic and it may cause tuberculation and corrosion
of sewer pipes.
• If pH value is high, it may produce incrustation, sediment deposit.
• In wastewater treatment efficiency of biological treatment unit reduces due to low and
high pH.
• pH value decides neutralization treatment.

THEORY
pH value shows the potential of hydrogen ion concentration present in wastewater sample. The term
pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as the negative log
of H+ ions concentration in wastewater. It is an indicator of acidity and alkalinity of wastewater
sample.

Where H+is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter of wastewater.

The value of pH, 0 to little less than 7 are termed as acidic and values of pH little above 7 to 14
are termed as alkaline. When the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal then it is termed as
neutral (pH =7)

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II. Experimental Set-up

Figure 1: Digital pH
meter.
III. Resources required
S.No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark I
4 Digit display (LED),
Digital pH meter 0 to 1000 mV, Resolution: 0.01 pH
1. 1 No. Per batch
manual temp., compensation: 0 to 80
oc
Standard glassware beaker of 500
2. Beaker 3 Nos. Per batch
ml. capacity

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IV. Procedure
1. Preparation of Buffer solution.
• Take 100 ml of distilled wastewater in a beaker.
• Put the buffer tablet in the distilled water.
• Disperse the buffer tablet in the distilled water by continuously stirring action.
• Prepare the buffer solution of pH value 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2

2. Calibration of the instrument.

The instrument should be calibrated before beginning the measurement
• First rinse the electrode with distilled water and dries its bulb by using tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode in a buffer solution of pH 7.
• Set the temperature (°C) control to the room temperature.
• Set the function selector to pH position and adjust the CALIBRATE control until the
meter displays the precise pH of buffer solution.
• Now the set the function selector switched to STAND BY position.
• Remove the electrode from buffer solution. Wash it with distilled water and wipe out
with tissue paper.
• Repeat the above procedure for calibration with buffer solution of 4.0 and 9.2 pH
value.

3. Operation of Instrument
• Calibrate the pH meter with two standard buffer solutions as per the above
procedure.
• Clean and rinse the electrode thoroughly with distilled water and carefully wipe with
tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode into the sample of solution. Stir the solution by keeping on
magnetic stirrer or stir it manually.
• Wait up to 1 minute for steady reading +0.1 pH unit.
V. • Record reading in steady condition after one minute.
Precautions
1. The standardization of pH meter is essential before use.
2. The reading must be noted when it is stable at least for 30 seconds.
3. The use of electrode should be done very carefully as it is very sensitive and breakable.
4. Record the temperature of room
5. Clean and wipe out electrode every time of immersion.

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VI.
Observations

Sample Calculation

For Observation No...........

•Observed Average value of pH for Domestic waste water sample pH

of sample No. (1) + pH of sample No. (2)/ 2 = ..........

• Observed Average value of pH for Industrial wastewater sample

i) pH of sample No. (1) + pH of sample No. (2)/ 2 = ..........
ii) pH of sample No. (1) + pH of sample No. (2)/ 2 = ..........
iii) pH of sample No. (1) + pH of sample No. (2)/ 2 = ..........
• Observed Average value of pH for Stagnant surface water (i.e. pond) water sample pH
of sample No. (1) + pH of sample No. (2)/ 2 = ..........

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VII. Results
The average value of pH for Domestic waste water sample is found to be ..............

The average value of pH for Industrial waste water sample from Sugar Industries found
to be.......................................................................................

The average value of pH for Industrial waste water sample from Food & Beverages Industry is
found to be ...........................................................................

The average value of pH for Industrial waste water sample from paint Industry is found
to
be
.........................................................................................

The average value of pH for Stagnant Surface waste water sample is found to be

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EXPERIMENT NO. 07

AIM:-

To Determine B.O.D. of given sample of sewage.

I. Practical Significance
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of Oxygen required by heterotrophic
aerobic microorganisms, in stabilizing the biologically degradable organic matter under aerobic
condition. BOD value indicates the pollution strength of organic matter in domestic or industrial
wastewaters. It can be useful for designing suitable treatment methods, organic loadings of
treatment plant and also for evaluating efficiencies of unit operations and treatment systems. This
test is useful for determining the suitability of treated effluents for disposal with reference to
recommended standards as well as for carrying out stream sanitation studies and for enforcing water
pollution control measures.

II. Theory
The organic matter which is biologically oxidized or reduced is called biologically active material.
The organic matter which cannot be biologically oxidized is called biologically in- active or
biologically non-degradable.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms (aerobic

bacteria) in stabilizing the biologically degradable organic matter under aerobic conditions. After
stabilization the end product of aerobic reactions are CO2 and H2O.

Aerobic

Wastewater

Reaction

Polluted water will continue to absorb oxygen for many months to decompose the organic matter
present in it. It is not practically feasible to determine the ultimate oxygen demand. Hence the
B.O.D. of water during 5 days at 20 °C is generally taken as the standard demand which is

known as BOD5 and is about 68 to 80% of the total demand. A 10 day BOD is about 90% of the total
oxygen demand

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III. Experimental Set-up

Digitally controlled BOD Incubator BOD Bottles

S. No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark

1. Aerator 1 No. Per batch

Inner working chamber size- 3 Cu.ft

Temperature Rang- 5°C TO 60°C
Accuracy - +/- 0.5°C
2. BOD Incubator 1 No. Per batch
Power Supply- 230 Volts , 50 H2
PID Digital Temp Controller Cum
Indicator

3 Set of BOD Bottles Standard capacity 300 ml. capacity 5 Nos. Per batch

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IV. Procedure :

1) Dilution water saturated with air- sufficient quantity of distilled water is aerated with aerator air
compressor for more than 8-10 hours, and the aerated water is kept at low
temperature till use. At the time experiment this water is used for preparation of
different dilution of the sample.
2) Seed: Sewage (fresh) is settled for 20 hrs. and the supernatant is used as seed. Quantity of seed
should be chosen such that it won't exert more than 20% depletion of DO.
•
3) Buffers and Nutrients-
Phosphate buffer:
Dissolve 8.5 gm. KH2PO4, 21.75 gm. K2HPO4, 33.4 gm. Na2HPO47H2O and

1.7gm NH4Cl in 500 ml distilled water. Dilute to 1 liter. pH of the solution is 7.5

• Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)

• Calcium chloride solution (CaCh).
Dissolve 27.5 gm. Anhydrous CaCh in distilled water and make the volume to
• 1 liter.
in distilled water and make the volume to 1
Dissolve
Ferric 0.25 gm.
chloride of FeCh.H
solutions 2O 2O)
(FeCh.8H
liter.
4) Alkali Iodide solution
5) Concentrated H2SO4
6) Sodium thiosulphate 0.025 N
7) Starch Indicator

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Procedure:

A. Preparation of dilution water.

1. Prepare dilution water saturated with air as discussed earlier.
2. Add 1 ml. each of phosphate buffer, magnesium sulphate and calcium chloride and ferric
chloride solution for each liter of dilution water and mix it well.
3. In case of the waste which is not expected to have sufficient bacterial population
add seed.
B. Dilution of sample.
1. Neutralize the sample to pH around 7.0, if it is highly alkaline or acidic. For acidifying do
not use organic acid, use only mineral acid.
2. Sample having high DO content i.e. DO 9 mg/1due to either algal growth or some other
reason, reduce the DO content by aerating and agitating samples.
3. Make the several dilution of sample to obtain required depletion. Following dilutions and
suggested.
• 0.1 to 1% for strong treated waste
• 1.0 to 5.0% for raw settled waste
• 5 to 25.0% for oxidized effluent and
• 25.0 to 100% for polluted river waters
4. Prepare the desired mixture by adding sample in dilution water.
5. Fill up one 300 ml bottle with the mixture and other one with dilution water (blank) in
two sets.
6. Keep one set in BOD incubator for 5 days for incubation at 20°C
7. Determine the DO of blank and sample immediately before incubation (i.e. first day)
8. Determine the DO of blank and sample after incubation for 5 days (i.e. fifth day)

C. Determination of DO for blank and sample on first day

1. Take BOD bottle containing blank.
2. Add 2 ml of manganese sulphate solution by means of pipette, dipping the end of the pipette
just below the surface of water in BOD bottle containing blank.
3. Add 2 ml Azide alkali potassium iodide in a similar manner.
4. Inset the stopper with care to extrude bubble and mix by repeatedly inverting and shaking
the bottle vigorously.
5. Red precipitate will form if DO is present in water. Allow the precipitate to settle half
way, and mix again.
6. Again allow the precipitate to settle half way.

7. Add 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 in the same manner as done in step 2 and 3 and insert the
stopper and mix up thoroughly as before.
8. Allow the solution to stand for at last 5 minutes to ensure formation of Ii,
which is to be titrated against sodium thiosulphate.
9. Take 203 ml of solution in the conical flask.

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10. Fill the burette with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate solution and note the initial
burette reading.
11. Titrate the sample immediately with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate solution, until
the yellow colour becomes very light.
12. Add 1 ml of starch solution. This will give blue colour. Now continue the titration by
adding sodium thiosulphate drop by drop, till the blue colour just
disappears. Record the fine burette reading (B1).
13. Take BOD bottle containing sample.
14. Repeat the procedure from step 2 to 12 and note down the initial and final burette
reading (D1).

D. Determination of DO for blank and sample on 5th day after incubation

15. Take BOD bottle containing blank.
16. Repeat the procedure from step 2 to step 12 as done earlier. Note down the initial and
final burette reading (B2)
3. Take BOD bottle containing sample.
4. Repeat the procedure from step 2 to step 12 as done earlier. Note down the initial and
final burette reading (D2).
Note: For 200 ml of sample the difference in initial and final burette reading in ml directly
gives the amount of Oxygen (DO)

V. Precautions
1. Use clean and dry Beakers, Burette, Pipette, Flask, BOD Bottles.
2. Proper reagents should be used.
3. Preparation of dilution water and Dilution of sample should be done properly.
4. Determination of DO for the blank and sample should be done with due care.

VI. Observations
Observation table for Biochemical Oxygen Demand For
dilution

factor (DF = .....................................),

Volume of sample = 200 ml (for calculation)

= 203 ml (actual)

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DO
Burette reading
(mg/1)
Sr. Bottle BODS
Source of the sample
No. No. Initial Final (mg/1)
(1) (2) (1-2)
ml ml
01 Domestic waste water

Industrial waste water from any*

specific industry e.g.

i) Sugar Industry
02
ii) Food & Beverages

iii) Paint Industry etc.

iv) Paper & Pulp Mill

Stagnant surface wastewater (i.e.

03
pond)

* Any specific industry in the area

Sample Calculation:

ml of sodium Thiosulphate x N x 1000 x 8

I) DO (mg/1) =
ml of water sample

Where, N = Normality of Sodium thiosulphate = 0.025 ml

ml of sodium thiosulphate X 0.025 X 1000 X 8 200

.............................X N X 1000 X 8
200

=................... mg/1

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By using above formula find out DO for blank and sample on first and fifth day (after incubation)
so,

B1 = ........................................... mg/1

D1 = ........................................... mg/1

B2 = ........................................... mg/1

D2 = ........................................... mg/1

Where,

B1 - DO of blank before incubation (i.e. first day) B2 - DO of blank

after incubation (i.e. fifth day)

D1 - DO of the diluted sample before incubation (i.e. first day) D2 - DO of the

diluted sample after incubation (i.e. fifth day)

D.F. - Dilution factor

VII. Results
•
BOD5 of the given sample obtained from Domestic waste water is found to be

•
BOD5 of the given sample obtained from Industrial waste water from Sugar Industry is found to be

•
BOD5 of the given sample obtained from waste water from Food & Beverages Industry is found to
be

•
BOD5 of the given sample obtained from waste water sample from paint Industry is found to be

•
BOD5 of the given sample obtained from waste water sample from paper and pulp mill industry is found to
be

•
BOD 5 of the given sample obtained from stagnant surface waste water sample is found to
be ...................................................................................... .

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Experiment No. 08
AIM
To Determine C.O.D. of given sample of sewage.

I. Practical Significance
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the oxygen required for the complete oxidation of
biologically active as well as inactive organic matter/inorganic matter in reduced state by adding
strong oxidizing reagents. COD is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation
of nearly all organic compounds in wastewaters, by the action of a strong oxidizing agent. BOD is a
measure of only the carbonaceous component of biodegradable organic matter in a waste, whereas
COD measures nearly all the oxidizable matter in the waste. Therefore COD for a waste is greater
than its BOD value. Both BOD and COD values of any waste are important parameters, as their
inter-relationship decides the type of treatment to be adopted for the waste. If BOD/COD ratio is
known for any particular waste, from COD values, we can predict BOD values. If COD is very
much greater than BOD, then the waste is not biologically biodegradable. Biodegradability of
the waste is indicated by the treatability index (TI)
TI= BOD/ (COD - BOD)
TI less than 0.5 indicate that the waste is not amenable to biological treatment especially aerobic.
Chemical treatment may be suggested. TI between 0.5 and 1.0 indicates that biological treatment for
the waste may be considered with necessary nutrient supplementation. TI more than 1.0 indicates
that the waste is amenable to biological treatment. All biodegradable wastes are chemically
degradable. However, for any waste providing biological treatment should be first explored as it is
more economical.

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THEORY
COD or chemical oxygen demand is the oxygen required for the complete oxidation of
biological degradable organic matter/ in reduced state. It is determined to know the amount of
oxygen required by the simple chemical oxidation of compounds.

It is a measure of amount of carbon in organic matter of sewage. It is useful in identifying the

performance of the various steps of treatment plants. It is also useful in determining the strength of
industrial waters in sewage, which cannot be determined by B.O.D. test. The limitation of this test
is its inability to differentiate between the biologically oxidizable and biologically inert material.
COD determination has an advantage over BOD determination that it takes only 5 hours as
compared with BOD require 5 days. This test is also easy and also not affected by interferences as
in BOD test.

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II. Experimental Set-up

Figure 1: COD Reflux Apparatus Figure 2 : Titration set

III. Resources required

Sr.
Particulars Specification Quantity Remark
No.
Temperature Range: Above amb. To 180°C
Resolution: 1°C, Display: Digital 12mm Red
LED
Control: Digital electronic Temp Controller.
COD Heater rating: 750 Watts, Sensor: PT- 100
1. Timer: Selectable ,15,30,45,60,90 or 1 No. Per batch
Reflux
Apparatus 120min with alarm, Hole Size : 40mm Dia
80mm Depth
Glass Tube: 38mm dial 5 no's (5 X 3 rows)
Sample Volume: 20ml each. Dimension :
500 WX270DX210mmH
2. Titration Set Consisting of Stand, Beaker of 1 No. Per batch
requisite capacity, pipette
3 Hot Plate Of requisite quality 1 No. Per batch

IV. Procedure:

Standard potassium dichromate (0.250 N) (K2Cr2O7), Sulphuric acid reagent, standard ferrous
ammonium sulphate (0.25 N), Ferroin indicator, Mercuric sulphate (HgSO4), Glass Bids

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1)
Standard potassium dichromate (0.250 N) - Dissolve 12.259 gm (K2Cr2O7) dried at 103°C for 24 hours

in distilled water and dilute to 1000 m. add about 120 mg sulphuric acid to take care of 6mg/l
2)
NO2 -N

3) Sulphuric acid reagent - 10 gm of Ag2SO4 to 1000 ml concentrated H2SO4 and keep overnight for
dissolution.
Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate 0.25 N - Dissolve 39 gm. Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2 and dilute to 1000 ml.
4) Ferroin indicator - Dissolve 1.485 gm 1.10 phenanthroline monohydrate and 695 mg
FeSO47H2O and dilute to 100 ml with distilled water.
Procedure:
5) Mercuric sulphate: HgSO4 crystals•
1. Take 10 ml of sample into a round bottom reflex flask.
2. Add some glass beads to prevent the solution from bumping into the flask
while heating.
3.
Add 1 ml of mercury sulphate (HgSO4) solution to the flask and mix by swirling the flask.

4. Add 5 ml of standard Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 ) solution.

5. Now add slowly and carefully 15 ml Silver sulphate-sulphuric acid solution.
6. Connect the reflux condenser and digest the content using a hot plate for 2 hours.
7. After digestion cools the flask and rinses the condenser with 25 ml of distilled
water collecting in the same flask.
8. Add 2-4 drops of ferroin indicator to the flask and titrate with 0.025 M ferrous
ammonium sulphate solution to the end point.
9. Make the blank preparation in the same manner as sample using distilled water instead
of sample.

V. Precautions
1. Use clean and dry Beakers, Burette, Pipette, Flask,
2. Proper reagents should be used.
3. Preparation of Dilution of sample should be done properly.
4. Determination of COD for the blank and sample should be done with due care.

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VI. Observations
Observation table for Chemical Oxygen Demand For dilution

factor (DF = .....................................) ,

Sr. Sample ml of ferrous Ammonium sulphate

No.
(Collection Sources) Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3

Blank

2 Spent wash

3 Domestic sewage

4 Industrial Sewage

5 Stagnant waste water

CALCULATION

Calculate the chemical oxygen demand by the following formula

8 X 1000 X DF X M X (VB - VS)

COD=
Volume of sample (in ml)

Where , DF - Dilution factor (if applicable)

M - Molarity of standardized Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate solution. VB - Volume

consumed in titration with blank preparation.

VS - Volume consumed in titration with sample preparation.

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VII. Results
• COD of the given sample obtained from Domestic waste water 1s found to be

• COD of the given sample obtained from spent wash 1s found to

be

• COD of the given sample obtained from waste water from industry (any specific) is found to
be ..........................................................................................
• COD of the given sample obtained from stagnant surface waste water sample is found to be
................................................................................................

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DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SEMESTER-VI 43