Removable Partial

Denture
OBJECTIVES
The graduate must develop the knowledge
about partial dental prosthesis.
 And should have the skill of constructing
partial denture with metal or acrylic dental
materials.
Definition
A partial denture may be defined as
appliance which restores a partial loss of
natural teeth and associated tissue and is
removable from the mouth either by the
patient or someone else.
THE BENFITES OF PARTIAL
DENTURE
 Partial denture can restore the

appearance of the teeth

themselves following there loss
by caries, periodontal diseases or
occlusal trauma.
 correctly positioned artificial
teeth contributes to teeth quality
 It aids appreciations of
texture & test of food.

 It contributes greatly to
health of stomato- gnathic
system
 All undesirable tooth movements
following extractions can be
prevented by the prompt fitting
of a correctly designed &
constructed partial denture.
 Provision of a partial denture can
aid in the maintenance of healthy
masticatory system.
 The prompt fitting of denture
following tooth extraction thus
renders the provision and wearing
of the porosthesis easier.
The provision transitional partial
denture can enable the patient to
adapt the appliance while they can
be stabilized by the presence of the
THE HARM THAT CAN BE DONE BY PARTIAL
DENTURE
 1. Plaque accumulation around

the natural teeth, is not only in the

same jaw as the denture being worn,
but in the opposing jaw also
predisposing the patient for carries
and periodontal disease and
inflammation of the mucosa
2. Direct trauma to the oral
tissue by partial denture may
take varies forms. poorly
placed components may stripe
away the mucosa from the
3. Excessive forces during
mastication may destroy the
periodontal ligament of the abutment
tooth resulting in resorption of the
underling bone. Bone resorption takes
pace mainly with the mucosa
Free end saddles denture in the lower jaw
causes particular problem, because they can
only receive tooth support at their mesial end.

The saddle must therfor cover maximum

possible denture supporting mucosa in order to
prevent the forces exceeding the bone
resorption thrush hold.
[Link] CHANGES
Occlusal interference that prevents the
adaptation of the intended inter-cuspal
position can cause damaging forces to
be exerted on the natural teeth and or
the mucosa beneath saddles resulting in
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
A Partial denture classifications may have
one or both of the following functions.
Provide a simple description
of the position of the
remaining natural teeth and
edentulous areas in a dental
Permits anticipations of basic
denture design appropriate to the
situation in the mouth.

 Many system of classifications have

suggested, but only two will be
A. KENEDY SYSTEM
This is the most widely used
classification system
but basically it only fulfils the first of the
above functions, since it describes the
unrestored natural dentition.
 Each case has certain characteristic
problems involved , therefore it
indicates the need for incorporation of
certain design elements in the denture
provided in that class.
 In this classification four classes are
 CLASS 1
 Is that situation where the edentulous area are bilateral

and lie, posterior to the remaining natural teeth.

 This situation is the one most frequently occurring.

Particularly in the lower jaw.

 CLASS 2
 is that situation where the edentulous
area is unilateral and lie posterior to the
remaining natural teeth.
 Thus all remaining on one side of the arch
and a number are missing on the opposite
Sid, with no natural teeth posterior to the
edentulous area.
 CLASS 3
Is that situation where the edentulous area
is unilateral and has a natural tooth
remaining posterior as well as anterior to it.
 CLASS 4
Is that situation where the the only
edentulous area is entirely anterior
to the remaining natural teeth.
 B, The Cradock system
 This system relates more to the second
possible functions of classifications system
 It describes certain elements of partial
denture rather than partially edentulous area.
 Before describing this it is necessary to
define some terms.
A saddle is that components of a partial
denture that replaces the lost alveolar tissues
and carry artificial teeth.
 It maybe designated as a free end or
bounded .
 The abutment tooth is present only at the
mesial end of the saddle. In the later the
 TOOTH SUPORRTED SADDLE

 This system is based on the nature of the support

that the saddle gains from the oral tissues, and
three classes are described.
 Cradock class 1 : A partial denture saddle supported

by abutment teeth

 Cradock Class 2 :the saddle is entirely supported

by the mucosa. Saddle can be either bounded or free

end.

 Cradock class 2 :A partial denture saddle supported

by mucosa
 Class 3
 In class 3 the saddle is supported by the abutment
tooth and mucosa.
 this class commonly relates to free end saddles,
especially in the lower jaw, but on occasion this
class can also apply to bounded saddles.
 Cradock class 3 Partial denture saddle supported by
an abutment teeth and mucosa.
 Oral examination preceding prosthodontic Treatment

 As a basis for deciding which prosthodontic

service to render.
 The preliminary examination should be
adequate to supply reliable data as to the
following.
 GENERAL

1. any disease process in any of the oral structure

2. Existence of physical abnormality which would

contraindicate the rendering of dental rehabilitation.

3. The patients age, sex, occupational activity and economic

status.

4. Any oral or systemic evidence of reduced tissue

tolerance.

5. The quality of oral hygiene maintained by the patient.

6. History of any temporomandibular joint abnormality.

7. Any anatomic anomalies in the oral structure.

Conditions of gingival and periodontal structure

1. Color, Form, and Texture of the gingivae

2. The presence of calculous deposit.

3. The absence or indistinctness of the lamina dura.

4. Any abnormal thickening of periodontal

membrane.

5. any evidence of gingival pocket.

6. The existing level of periodontal attachment.

7. any evidence of interproximal food impaction due

 Information concerning the teeth
1. the non vital status of any pulp.

2. The existence of degenerative changes in any pulp.

3. The presence of new recurrent carries.

4. Number and location of the remaining teeth in the

dental arch which can be restored to healthy
conditions.

5. Abnormal mobility of any teeth.

6. Esthetic value of reaming teeth

7. Number form and length of the roots of those
teeth to be used as abutments.

8. The existence of occlusal imbalance

9. The abnormal alignment of the remaining teeth.

10. The form and relationship of abutment crowns.

11. The present condition of the existing tooth

restoration.

12. The evidence of bruxism or history of any other

abnormal dental habits.
 Data regarding the alveolar structure
 The failure of the patient to maintain normal bone

support in areas of more than average stress loads.

 The extent of previous cervical bone loss.

(particularly in the area of critically important tooth

which is to support a prosthesis.

 The presence of tissue atrophy in an edentulous

area.
 DATA RELATING TO THE EDENTULOUS RIDGE AREAS.

1. the presence of any root ruminants or foreign body in an

edentulous area.

2. Any irregularity in size or form of the residual ridge.

3. The presence of hypertrophic, flabby or movable areas

of tissue covering on the residual ridge.

4. Any inflammation of the mucosa or other deviation from

a normal tissue tone.

5. The presence of any sharp ,angular shelf like or spine

like irregularities of the underlying bone.
 ORAL EXAMINATION
1. Radiographic survey of both arches done

2. Oral prophylaxis treatment given

3. If there are cavities restorative treatment given.

4. An impression of diagnostic cast made

5. Detailed examination of the mouth made.

6. Oral and systemic health condition evaluated.

7. Patients oral hygiene evaluated.

COMPONENTS OF A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

 A removable partial denture has four

main parts.

1. DIRECT RETAINERS
2. CONNECTORS
3. DENTURE BASE
4. ARTIFICIAL TEETH
 DIRECT RETAINERS
A direct retainer is that part of a removable
partial denture which is applied directly to an
abutment (supporting teeth) holding the
denture in place and resisting the removal
from that tooth.
 In common use it is called a clasp.
a Clasp usually consists of a rest, a body, a
minor connector, two shoulders, retentive
arm and reciprocating arm.
 A:THE REST :is the metallic projection from the
body of the clasp.
 This projection lies on the surface of the tooth in
such a position that it resists vertical movement
of the denture towards the gingivae when biting
pressure is exerted.
 the rest acts as a stop.
 it is called an occlusal, lingual or incisal rests,
depending upon the tooth surface against which it
 OCCLUSAL REST An occlusal rest is an extension of
the body of the clasp on to the occlusal surface of the
tooth
 LINGUAL REST The base of the lingual rest has a stop
like appearance and is perpendicular to the long axis of
the tooth .
 Lingual rests are used mainly on the anterior teeth.
 INCISAL REST This type of rest is prepared on the
incisal edge of the tooth.
B. THE BODY :The body of the direct retainer or clasp
is a rigid metal junction of the arms, the rest and the
minor connector.
 It helps to prevent food from being forced between
the tooth and the denture.

C. THE MINNOR CONNECTER :The minor connecter

attaches the clasp to the major connecter or to metal
framework of the denture.
 It contribute to the stability of the denture.
D. THE SHOULDER : is that part of the arm of which
the clasp extends from the body out to the beginning
of the tip.

E. THE RETENTIVE ARM is that part of the clasp

which resists vertical displacement of the denture
because of its position on the tooth.

F. THE RECIPROCAL ARM :All clasps require

reciprocal parts to oppose the stresses transmitted
by them in function .
 When there is no reciprocal action for an
applied force that is not in line with the long
axis of the tooth, soreness, movement of the
tooth ,or both may result.
 When ever any stress is placed on a
removable partial denture and the retentive
arm of the clasp exercises its function , the
tooth is forced in a direction away from this
 Reciprocal action is provided by the
reciprocating arm of the clasp to neutralize
this displacing force.
 G:THE APPROACH ARM : is that part of a
particular type of clasp which attaches the
retentive arm of a clasp directly to the
framework, rather than through a shoulder,
body and minor connecter.
 CLASPS
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CLASPS

 A Clasp may be divided in to the following groups on the

bases of their construction.

Cast metal clasps

wrought wire clasps

Combination clasps
 Clasps may also be divided in to types on the bases
of their design, particularly the direction from which
the retentive arm approaches , the under cut area
which is to be used to hold the denture in place.
 1. CIRCUMFERENCIAL CLASPS
 This is a clasp which encircles more than 180
degree of a tooth ,including opposite angles , and
which usually contacts the tooth throughout its
length.
 The retentive arm approaches the under cut from
above the survey line.
 the tip ends in an under cut area.
2 .BAR CLASPS
 consists of two or more separate and distinct
arms located opposite to each other on the tooth.
 The bar arms rise from the framework or a
connecter and largely traverse the soft tissue.
 The retentive arm approaches the undercut area
from below the survey line.
 The reciprocal arm usually terminates in a non
undercut areas.
3 COMBINATION CLASPS

 These clasps have both circumferential and

bar parts.
 Usually the circumferential part is the
reciprocal arm and is on the lingual surface
of the tooth.
 Usually the bar part is the retentive arm
and is on the facial surface.
 Connectors
 MAJOR CONNECTER
A major connecter is a plate or a bar which unites
the various components of a removable partial
denture.
 It is usually rigid and is therefore able to distribute
the forces of mastication to different parts of the
denture and underlying tissues.
 LOCATION AND TYPE
 The location and form of a major connecter is
governed by the requirement of esthetics ,
phonetics and comfort, by the position and health
of the remaining teeth and by the contour of the
alveolar ridges.
 a, LINGUAL BAR this major connecter is located
lingual to the dental arch and joins two or more
bilateral parts of a mandibular removable partial
 b, LABIAL BAR This connecter is located labial to the
dental arch and joins two or more parts of the
mandibular removable partial denture.
 c, PALATAL BAR This connecter crosses the palate and
unites two or more parts of the maxillary partial denture.
 d, LINGUAL AND PALATAL PLATE These are major
connecters which differ from bars in that they are
extended up to the cingula of the teeth and are more
closely adapted in the embrasure . horse shoe and
closed type.
 INDIRECT RETAINER
 Indirect retainers are those components of a
removable partial denture which assists the
different retainers in preventing displacement of
the denture base during function.
 Because of their form and location they exert
leverage on the side of the fulcrum line opposite
that part of denture which is to be retained,
there by reducing some of the torque which
would otherwise be applied on the abutment
 some of more commonly used indirect
retainers are, occlusal rest extension
arms, lingual and palatal plates, and
continuous bar retainers
 DENTURE BASE
A denture base is that part of a removable
denture that rests on the oral mucosa and to
which the replaced teeth are attached.
 Denture bases serve to distribute the forces of
mastication to the under-lying tissues,
 to carry artificial teeth,
 to correct tissue defects ,
 to act as an indirect retainer,
 and to aid physiologic stimulation of tissues they
contact.
 They should cover the greatest possible surface
without encroaching on movable soft tissues.
 In appearance and shape, a partial denture base
is usually similar to a section of a complete
denture, and its borders should resemble those
of a complete denture in the same relative area.
 a, MAXILLARY DENTURE BASE
 Which reaches the posterior part of the upper jaw
should cover the tuberosity and extend in to the
hanular notch.

b, MANDIBULAR DENTURE BASE

 Which reaches the posterior part of the lower jaw
must extend to and cover the retro molar pad .
 The lingual flange must extend to the reflection of
tissue at the working level of floor of the mouth.
 The buccal flange must cover the buccal shelf

and extend to the reflection of muscle

attachment and the border tissue.

 The labial flange of the lower base of anterior

mandibular partial denture will distribute both

horizontal and vertical components of

masticatory forces, since these forces occur

mostly in down ward direction.

 Denture base may be of metal which is part of the

framework to which the teeth are directly

attached.

 They may also be acrylic resin to which the teeth

are attached and which is it self attached to the

metal framework by means of retentive metal

loops or retentive metal net work.

THE ARTIFICIAL TEETH
 The artificial teeth may be porcelain , plastic,
metal or combination of these depending upon
the requirements and its limitations.
 They serve not only to restore chewing
efficiency but also to prevent movements of
the tetrarchs distance and facial contours and
in certain cases to improve speech.
 SIX PHASES OF PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE
1. Patient education

2. Diagnosis and treatment planning design of

partial denture framework, treatment sequencing
and execution of mouth preparations.

3. Provision of adequate support for distal extension

base.

4. Establishment and verification of harmonious

occlusion and tooth relationships with opposing
and remaining natural teeth.
5. Initial placement procedures, including adjustments of
contour and bearing surfaces of denture bases,
Adjustments to ensure occlusal harmony and review
of instructions given to the patient to optimally
maintain oral structures and the provided restoration.

6. Follow up services by the dentist , through recall

appointments for periodic evaluation of the responses of
the oral tissues to the restoration and of the acceptance
of the restoration by the patient.
 PATIENT EDUCATION
 The Dentist and the patient share responsibility
for the ultimate success of the removable partial
denture.
 _Patient education begins at the initial contact
and continue throughout treatment.
 _Patient will not usually retain all the information
presented in the oral educational instructions,
for this reason , patients should be given a
written suggestions to reinforce the oral
 DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PLANING, DESIGN
TREATMENT SEQUENCING AND MOUTH
PREPARATIONS.
 Treatmentplanning and design begins with
thorough medical and dental histories.
 Complete oral examination include,
Carries
The condition of existing restoration
Periodontal conditions
Responses of teeth and periodontal tissues
and residual ridge to previous stresses.
The vitality of the remaining natural teeth
 After a complete diagnostic examination has been
accomplished and a removable partial denture
has been selected as the treatment of choice
treatment plan sequenced and a partial denture
design developed based on the support available.
 The dental cast surveyor is absolutely
necessary in any dental office in which patient
are being treated with removable partial denture.
 SUPPORT FOR DISTAL EXTENSION BASE
 For the distal extension partial denture a base
made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not
provide adequate support under occlusal loading,
neither does it provide maximum border
extension nor accurate border details, therefore
some type of corrective impression is necessary.

 ESTABLISHMENT AND VERIFICATION OF
OCCLUSAL RELATIONS AND TOOTH
ARRANGEMENT.
 Whether the partial denture is tooth
supported or has one or more distal
extension base, the recording and
verification of occlusal relationships and
tooth arrangements are important steps .
 For the tooth supported partial denture ridge
form is less significant than it is for the tooth and
tissue supported prosthesis, because the ridge is
not called on to support the prosthesis.
 For the distal extension base , how ever jaw
relation records should be made only after
obtaining the best possible support for the
denture base.
 THE INITIAL PLACEMENT PROCEDURE
 This occurs when the patient is given the prosthesis
to wear it for the first time.
 During this period occlusal harmony ensured and the
processed base perfectly fitted to the basal seat.
 It must be ascertained that the patient understands
the given instructions and understand about
expectations in the adjustment phases and the use
of restorations.
 PERIODIC RECALL
 Periodic evaluation of the patient is critical
for early recognition of changes in the oral
structure to allow steps to be taken to
maintain the oral health.
 Although the six month recall period is
adequate for most patients , a more
frequent evaluation may be required for
some.
 REASONS FOR FAILURE OF CLASP RETAINED
PARTIAL DENTURE

 _Diagnosis and treatment planning

 1 .Inadequate treatment planning
 2 .Failure to use Surveyor or use the
surveyor properly during treatment
planning.
 _Mouth preparations procedures
 1 .Failure to properly sequence mouth
preparation procedures.
 2 Inadequate mouth preparations
 3 Failure to return supporting tissues to
optimum health before impression procedures.
 In adequate impression of hard and soft tissues
 DESIGN OF THE FRAMEWORK
 1 .Failure to use properly located and sized
rests.
2 .Flexible or incorrectly located major and
minor connecters.
3 .Incorrect use of clasp designing.
4 Use of cast clasps that has too little flexibility,
or are too broad in tooth coverage and has too
little considerations for esthetics
 LABORATORY PROCEDURES.
 1 Problem in the master cast preparation
 a, Inadequate impression
 b, poor cast forming procedures incompatible
impression material and gypsum products.
 2 Failure to provide the technician with a specific
design and necessary information to enable the
technician to execute the design.
 3 Failure of the technician to follow the design and
the written instructions.
 _OCCLUSION
 [Link] to develop harmonious occlusion
 [Link] to use compatible material for
opposing occlusal surfaces.
 SUPPORT FOR DENTURE BASE
 Inadequate coverage of the basal seat tissues.
 Failure to record basal seat tissues in a
supporting form.
 PATIENT DENTIST RELATIONSHIPS
 Failure of the dentist to provide adequate
detail health care information, including
care and use of prosthesis.
 2 Failure of the dentist to provide, recall
appointments on a periodic recall.
 3 failure of the patient to exercise a dental
health care regiment and respond to rec
 BIOMECHANICS OF A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

 Removable partial denture by design are

intended to be placed and removed from
the mouth, because of this, they can not
be rigidly connected to the teeth or
tissue.
 This makes them subject to movements
in response to functional loads, such as
those created by mastication.
 It is important for the clinician providing a
removable partial denture to understand the
possible movements in response to functions
 and to be able to logically design the
components of the removable partial denture
to help control these movements.
 BIOMECHANICS CONSIDERATION
 As Maxfield states, “ common observations
clearly indicates that the ability of living
things to tolerate force is largely dependent
upon the magnitude or intensity of the force.”
 The supporting structures for the removable
partial denture( abutment teeth and the
residual ridge) are living things and are
subject to forces.
 Whether supporting structures are capable of
resisting the applied forces depends upon the
following questions.
1 . What are the typical forces requiring
resistance.
2 . What are the durations and intensity of these
forces
3 . How does material use and application
 In the final analysis, it is the alveolar bone that
provides support to the denture, by way of the
periodontal ligaments and the residual ridge
bone through its soft tissue coverage.
 The forces occurring with removable prosthesis
function can be widely distributed and directed
and their effect minimized by the appropriate
design of the removable partial denture .
 It includes the selection and location of
components in conjunction with a
harmonious occlusion
 POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS OF PARTIAL DENTURE
 one movement is rotation around an axes through
the most posterior abutments .
 the axes may be through the occlusal rest or any
other ridged portion of a direct retainer assembly
height of contour of the primary abutment.
 this is known as the fulcrum line.
 It is the center of rotation as the distal extension
base moves towards the supporting tissues, when
an occlusal load is applied.
 the axes of rotation may shift towards more
anteriorly placed components, occlusal or incisal to
the height of couture of the abutment, as the base
moves away from the supporting ,tissue when
vertical dislodging forces act on the partial denture.
A second movement is rotation about longitudinal
axes as the distal extension base moves a rotary
direction about the residual ridge.
 this movement Is resisted primarily by the
rigidity of the major and minor connector and
their ability to torque this movement occurs
under function because diagonal and
horizontal occlusal forces are brought to bear
on the partial denture.
 It is resisted by establishing components such
as reciprocal clasp arms and minor connectors
that are in contact with the vertical tooth
surfaces.
 Horizontal forces always will exist to some
degree because the lateral stress occurring
during mastication.
 The amount of horizontal movements occurring
in the partial denture, therefor depends on the
magnitude of the local forces that are applied
and the effectiveness of the stabilizing
components
 In the tooth supported partial denture

movement of the base towards the edentulous

ridge is prevented primarily by the rest on the

abutment teeth and to some degree by any

ridged portion of the frame work located

occlusal to the height of contour.

 Movements away from the edentulous ridge is

prevented by the action of direct retainers on

the abutment that are situated at each end of

STEPS IN DESIGNING PARIAL DENTURE
 The design sequence consists of six stages
1 classifying, supporting, and out lining saddles.
2 Providing retention
3 providing reciprocation
4 Connecting the various components
5 providing were ever necessary additional
components to resist rotation.
 [Link] the design for Higgin and tolerance
 CLASSIFING SUPORTING AND OUT LINING THE SADDLES

 The arrangement of edentulous areas within the

dental arch should be noted and each area
classified, in to bounded or free end type.
 Next it must be decided if each area needs to be
restored with the denture saddle .
 Anterior edentulous areas needs saddles for
esthetic reasons, edentulous area in the
premolar and molar regions needs them for
mastication
 How ever small free end areas behind the first
molar region may not need to have saddles
placed in them if there are no opposing teeth
whose over eruption needs prevention.
 this may simplify the design, thus aiding hygiene
and tolerance
 The support of saddle in each edentulous areas
being restored must now be considered.
 Bounded saddles can be either tooth or mucosa
supported in the upper jaw, in the lower jaw they
should always be tooth supported’
 Periodontal diseases reduce the area of the
ligaments available to resist forces.
 Even in the absence of diseases the bone resorption
in the edentulous area reduces the area of
periodontal ligaments surrounding the abutment
tooth.
 Support for saddles may thus be optimized
by placing rest on the opposite side of the
abutment tooth to edentulous area.
 The size of the roots of teeth obviously affect
the area of the ligaments available for
support.
 The molar teeth have the greatest root area.
 The tissues of edentulous areas are capable
of accepting the forces to be applied during
 The saddles in free end areas should perhaps
ideally be mucosa supported, as this would
theoretically result in more even loading of the
tissues in the edentulous areas.
 Such mucosa support can be provided in the
upper jaw, where the palate can be utilized as
additional supporting area.
 The area available for mucosa support in the
lower jaw is limited.
 There fore free end saddles in the lower jaw
must thus always be tooth supported at their
mesial end.
 Having decided on the method for supporting
the saddles in each edentulous area, the
location of the rest providing tooth support
 For efficient transfer of forces between the
saddle and tooth the rest and the saddle must
be rigidly connected.
 This can be achieved by placing the rest on the
surface of the tooth immediately adjacent to
the saddle.
 if it is desired to spread the forces over as
many natural teeth as possible, further rests
can be placed on the other tooth.
 Unilateral bounded saddles ,for Kennedy class
111 arch should have a minimum of three rests
provided, that is one at each end of the saddle
and an other on the opposite side of the arch.
 For mucosa or partially mucosa supported
saddles the borders should encompass the
maximum area of the edentulous ridge in order
to resist the vertical and horizontal forces
developed during mastication and tooth
 PROVIDING RETENTION
 A partial denture is kept in place by
 a, Muscular forces aided by the correct design of
polished surfaces of the denture.
 b, physical forces provided by the presence of
saliva film beneath the denture.
 The engagement of undercut relative to the
pass of displacement of the denture on the
alveolar ridge or around the natural teeth,
and the use of guiding surfaces, which with
bounded saddles limit the path of
withdrawal ,prevent rotation of the denture,
and provide frictional retention.
 c, additional retentive devices, such as clasps
or precision attachment.
 Muscular and Physical forces may provide
sufficient retention for mucosa supported
dentures in the upper jaw.
 Especially if they have bounded saddles.
 Additional direct retainers such as clasps will be
included in the design of the denture.
 Retentive clasps tend to loose some of their
retentive capacity after the denture has been
worn for a period of time.
 The clasps should also be opposed on either
sides of the arch.
 Anterio posterior forces are resisted by the
structures at the end of the saddles towards
which movements takes place.
 CONTINEUDE

 In the lower jaw this will ideally be contact with

an abutment teeth, but a steeply sloping
mucosal surface in the retro molar region will
also be helpful with the free end saddles and
therefore be covered.
 In the upper jaw teeth are best at providing
resistance . but the anterior slop of a hard
palate can also be utilized .
 Full border extension around the tuberosity’s
an in to hanular notches is essential to resist
forward movement of free end saddles.
 Movements may also be resisted by teeth at
the end of the saddle away from which
movement takes place.
 THE DIAGNOSTIC CAST
 Diagnostic casts must be used because of the
following reasons.
1 . To permit the use of surveying instrument.
 a, to disclose the degree of location of points and
areas of interference on tooth and mucosa.
 b, To disclose the location of area of suitable clasp
retention and an evaluation of its amount.
 c, To determine the initial parallel cuts required to
eliminate the interference resulting from tooth
 d, To select a path of appliance insertion and
removal which will provide balanced minimal
retention, least interference to appliance
placement, best esthetic appearance consistent
with other requirement of the appliance.
2 . To furnish a means of visual education of the
patient so that,
 a, his existing oral condition can be explained.
 b, The need and possibility of correction can
be discussed.
 c, The possible effect on his oral health may
be made clear.
 3 . So that the lingual view of the occluded cast
may be shown to indicate,
 a, The degree of inter arch closure.
 b, The resulting loss of tongue room
 c, The relief needed to accommodate occlusal
rests/
 d, Adjustment needed to establish occlusal
harmony.
 [Link] determine in advance of making
final impression, a critically essential
areas (if impression defect occurs ,then
its importance may be evaluated with
certainty).
 .So that the possible interference from
anatomic deformities may be
determined more accurately.
 .As an aid in selecting and modifying a
tray for the final impression or
construction of special resin tray for
impression taking.
. To serve as part a before and after
record in interesting cases of oral
rehabilitation for professional and Lay
THE SURVAYOR
 The surveyor is a parallelometer, an
instrument used for determining the relative
parallelism of two or more surfaces of the teeth
or other parts of the cast of a dental arch.
A surveyor have the following parts
1 A level platform upon which the base of the
cast is moved to various positions.
2 Vertical upright which supports the supper
3 Horizontal arm from which the surveying rod for
analyzing is suspended.
4 Table upon which the cast is attach
5 Base upon which the table swivels
6 Mandrill for holding the analyzing rod , a
carbon marker or other special attachment.
7 paralleling tool , analyzing rod guide line
marker.
SURVAYOR
 THE PATH OF INSERTION AND WITHDROWAL
 The path of insertion is the movement of the
appliance from the point of initial contact of its rigid
parts with the supporting teeth to the place of final
rest position
 The path of withdrawal is the appliance movement
from rest position to the last contact of rigid parts
with the supporting teeth.
 The path of withdrawal is the same as that of
insertion except that the direction of movements
is reversed, the first part of the appliance leave
rest position being that part which was last to seat
when it was inserted.
 It is possible that there can be more than one path
of insertion and withdrawal.
 The following minimal requirements are set up
as a standard for removable partial denture.
 1. That the finished prosthesis be readily inserted
and removed by the patient.
 2. That it be retained against reasonable forces
which would tend to remove it in a vertical
direction.
 3. That it have best possible esthetic
appearance.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF PATH OF INSERTION

 1. interference By comparing different paths one

may be chosen, by which the appliance can path,
these points of prominence with the least
resistance.
 2. RETENTION of the appliance against reasonable
dislodging forces is desirable.
 The chosen path in which the least interference is
encountered, should also allow for adequate and
equalized clasp retention.
 3. ESTHETICS becomes a factor in choosing the path of
ininsertion where anterior clasps need to be positioned in the
least conspicuous areas and where anterior tooth substitutes
must be given pleasing form and alignment.
 The path of the appliance insertion definitely becomes more
limited in its deviation to right or left from vertical.
 4. GUIDING PLANES On tooth surfaces should have a
sufficient area of parallel relationship to each other so that
they may serve to determine positively the direction of the
appliance movement.
 USES OF A SURVAYOR
 1. To aid the selection of the most fever able path of
insertion which allows
 a, Easy placement of prosthesis
 b, Avoids impingement of the oral mucosa.
 c, Gives best esthetic appearance
 d, Provides adequate clasp retention.
 2. To locate points and areas of tooth and other
surfaces of interference to appliance placement and
withdrawal and determine the degree of correction
needed for their elimination.
 3. To assist in paralleling of tooth restoration during
their construction to have them conform to the
predetermined path of insertion.
 4. To make it possible to better estimate a balance of
retentiveness when clasp retainers are to be used.
 5. To indicate where a retentive clasp could be
located with the least esthetic display of metal.
 6. To improve the esthetic results by lessening the
need for mutilating the the anatomic form of anterior
tooth substitutes in anterior dentulous areas.
 7. To promote more positive clasp retention and
lessen the possibility of clasp strain or tissue
traumatization by indicating positive guiding planes in
 8. To indicate areas of critical importance in the
final impression.
 9. To delineate the height of contour of abutment
teeth to facilitate retentive clasp location.
 10. To indicate remaining areas of tooth and
mucous under cuts to be blocked out in order to
achieve parallelism.
 THE ORAL EXAMINATION
 FIRST APPOINTMENT
 1. a self administered questionnaire is completed by the
patient.
 2. At this time he also may be given an oral prophylaxis.
 3. Radiographic survey of both dental arches is completed.
 4. If there are open cavities temporary filling should be
placed.
 5. An impression for a diagnostic cast of each arch is made.
 At the second appointment when the diagnostic cast are
available, and the x-ray films are on hand

 1. A detailed examination of the mouth and teeth are

made.

 2. The pulp of each remaining tooth is tested for vitality.

 3. The appointment is concluded with questioning of the

patient to his medical and physical history

 The examination will be best executed if one keeps for

most in mind the goal for which he is aiming to maintain
the remaining oral structure in the best possible
 THE NON VITAL TOOTH IN PROSTHODONTICS
 The fact that a tooth is non vital need not prevent
its use as an abutment support.
 The retention of such a tooth is to be determined
by weighing the same factors that are considered
when making this decision about any non vital
tooth.
 The most important of these considerations are
 1. Age and physical condition of the host
 2. The probability of restoring the tooth to a
condition of health based on a consideration of
 a, extent of apical destruction
 b, The accessibility of the tooth for treatment.
 c, The success achieved in opening each canal
 d, The possibility of root resection.
 If a decision is based on the above
considerations, is favorable to the retention
and treatment of the tooth in question ,then
these further factors should be considered
because the tooth most serve as an abutment
support.
 1. Would the loss of this tooth jeopardize the
achievement of a satisfactory partial denture
result
 2. Can the crown portion of the tooth be restored in a
dependable manner and one that is economically
possible?

 3. If resection of apical area of the root is found to be

necessary, will the remaining root give adequate support
for the possible stress load to be induced.

 4. Would the probable service expectancy of the

prosthesis be materially shortened by the use of this tooth
as an abutment?

 If a careful study of the above factors results in an

 TREATMENT PLANING AND MOUTH PREPARATION IN PARTIAL
DENTURE SERVICCES.
 A. PLANING
 1. Study the examination data
 2. Determine the need for immediate extractions
 3. Evaluate the teeth requiring restorative
treatment
 4. determine the need for observation period
 5. Establish the hygienic phase of periodontics
therapy.
 6. Preliminary occlusal adjustment
 7. Estimate the previous bone loss and the
patients probable bone maintenance ability.
 8. Survey the diagnostic cast for probable
interference during insertion and withdrawal of
the appliance.
 9. Select the best compromised line of insertion
and withdrawal.
 10. Determine the need for multiple abutments.
 11. Decide removable prosthesis to be advised.
 12. Outline the tentative design of the
removable partial denture.
 B. MOUTH PREPARATIONS

1. Preparatory surgery

_ Periodontal

_ Extraction of un needed teeth.

_ Reduction of areas of ridge

_Removal of tori

_ Removal of cyst etc.

2. Reduce occlusal level to extruded teeth

 3. Reduce height of anterior mandibular teeth which have
shown excessive growth.

4. Restore carious teeth

5. Restore partial denture abutments

6, Paralleling abutment restorations

7. The need for orthodontic or restorative treatment of a

tipped molar.

8. The need for splinted multiple abutments.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASP DESIGN
 A properly designed clasp should provide the following.
 1. Support ( resist displacement ]
 2. Stability ( resistant to lateral forces).
 3. Retention ( the clasp tip must engage retentive
under cuts).
 4. Encirclement ( the clasp must engage undercuts 180
degree).
 5. Reciprocity ( oppose and balance the forces exerted
by an other portion of the clasp).

 6. Passivity ( The clasp should not grip or squeeze the

tooth, but should be at rest when the partial denture is
in place).
 STRUCTURAL DETAILES OF CLASPS IN GENERAL
 Regardless of the type of the clasp selected in
designing a removable partial denture the
following principles apply.
 1. The occlusal rest must be thick enough to
withstand the stresses of mastication.
 2. A rest must never be placed on the sloping
surface, such as the lingual of the anterior tooth,
unless that surface has been prepared for it.
 3. When anterior teeth are to be replaced a
lingual or incisal rest seat should be prepared
on the tooth adjacent to the edentulous area
for increased support.
 4. When ever possible flexibility should be
increased by curving and thus lengthening ,
the retentive arm of the clasp.
 5. Uniform thickness and width are essential in all
clasp arms (except the tip ) ½ thickness of the
arms. There must be no thin or thick spots in the
clasp arm.
 6. When they cross grooves their outer surface
should be contoured to maintain uniform
thickness of the metal
Circumfrancial Clasp
 A, ADVANTAGES
 1. They have excellent bracing quality
 2. They are usually easier to design and
construct
 3. They are more easily repaired if broken.
 [Link] is less possibility of food collecting
under the clasp.
 5. The clasp body and shoulders help the
occlusal rest in providing support.
 6. They require less metal to construct and
less metal lost in finishing.
 7. They can be used conventionally with
 B, DISADVANTAGE
 1. Since they contact the tooth over entire length of
their arms ,they are more conducive to carries.
 [Link] may be less esthetic than desirable in certain
cases.
 3. Their retentive power is less than that of a bar
clasp.
 4. Possible variations in design are limited.
 A, BAR CLASP ADVANTAGES
 1. Since there is less contact with the surface of
the tooth ,they are less conducive to carries.
 [Link] are more flexible because of their longer
length.
 3. They are more esthetic because of the
direction of approach to the abutment tooth.
 4. They have a wider range of adaptability than
the crcumfrencial type of clasp.
 5. Because of the push type of retention a partial
denture made with bar clasps may be easier to
insert in to the mouth and more difficult to
dislodge or remove.
 B. A, BAR CLASP DISADVANTAGES

 [Link] provide less bracing than do cast circulate

clasps.
 2. There is a danger of tissue impingement under
a bar clasp as a result of faulty design or setting
of appliance.
 3. There is a possibility of food lodging under the
approach arm if it crosses a tissue undercuts.
 [Link] can create food traps when used on
lingual surfaces.
 5. They usually require more metal to construct
and more metal is lost in finishing.
 [Link] or replacement of the broken clasp
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF BAR CLASPS
 1. The approach arm must never impinge on
soft tissues . The area crossed may or may not
be relieved on the master cast, depending upon
the desire of the dentist . The tissue side of the
approach arm metal should be rounded and
highly polished.
 2. The approach arm should never be designed
to bridge over sot tissue undercuts, because of
food collection in the area.
 [Link] occlusal rest must be strong enough to
provide positive support may allow the approach
arm to settle and impinge upon soft tissues.
 4’ The minor connecter which attaches the
occlusal rest to the framework should be strong
and rigid enough to contribute some bracing to
the denture
 PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN LOCATING THE
RETENTIVE CLASP TIP
 Up to this point , it has only been stated that the
retentive tip of a clasp arm must be placed in the
undercut areas gingival to the survey line on the
abutment tooth.
 In practice this cannot be done . There is a
particular place in each undercuts which will give
the most desirable amount of retention when a
particular clasp is used. Certain factors enter in to
 flexibility of the tip

 The more flexible the tip, the greater must be

the amount of undercuts it engages to yield a
given degree of retention.
 This flexibility depends upon the following.
 1. The diameter of the retentive arm , the
smaller the diameter , the greater the flexibility.
 2. The shape of the arm, round wire is more
flexible than ½ rounded wire.
 3. The type of metal, Chrome cobalt alloys are not as
flexible as Gold alloys of same diameter, and neither
types are flexible as wrought gold wire.
 4. The length of the clasp arm, the longer the arm the
greater the flexibility.
 5. The taper of the clasp arm, proper taper increases
flexibility.
 6. Heat treatment, ( When appropriate proper heat
treatment increases flexibility.
 B. DIMENSION OF THE UNDERCUT AREAS
 Each undercut area has three dimension
 The critical factor involved in clasp retention is
the horizontal reflection of the clasp arm as it
passes over the bulge of the tooth.
 Thus in the illustration the horizontal distance B-
C at any point along the surface of the undercut
is critical.
 The vertical distance A-B OR F-G is un
important.
 The distance D-E is important ,so far as the
length of the clasp arm is related to its
flexibility.
 USING UNDERCUT GAGES TO LOCATE THE
CLASP TIP

 a, When a survey line is marked on the

abutment tooth , it must be decided how far
gingival to that line is retentive and of the clasp
arm located.
 b, Undercut gages are used to determine the
location of the desired amount of undercut.
 The commonly used gage measures 010, 020,
030 inches from the shank of the gage to the
gage head.
 When a particular clasp has been selected,
insert the appropriate under-cut gage in the
surveyor spindle, hold the abutment tooth
against it ,and mark the point in the undercut
areas, which has the desired depth. this point
 c, The selection of the appropriate gage is largely
a mater of judgement, but the following is offered
as a guide.
 1. Use the 020 inch gage for back action clasps,
when undercut exists on the distal side only.
 2. Use 010 inch gage for back action
clasp when that amount of undercut is
available on both the facial and distal
surfaces.
 3. use 030 inch gages for ring clasps.
 4. Use 020 inch gage for all other
 PRINCIPLE OF DESIGNING MAJOR CONNECTOR
 REQUIREMENT A properly designed major
connector must have the following.
 1. Must be rigid .Stress of mastication can be
distributed as widely as possible and twisting
forces arising from lateral movements will be
reduced. The rigidity will also prevent
impingement on the soft underlying tissues, by
an other wire flexing piece of metal.
 2. It must be located so that it does not crouch
upon the gingiva. it must clear all muscle tissues,
and must not interfere with the formation of
speech sounds.
 3. It must clear tissue contours when it is seated
in or removal from the mouth.
 [Link] must have the bulk essential for rigidity, but
must not be so thick, that it is noticeable and
uncomfortable in the mouth
 STRESSES INDUCED BY THE REMOVABLE
PARTIAL DENTURE


 The principal stresses induced by the

removable partial denture are,
 1. Stresses resulting from inaccurate
appliances.
( When a removable partial denture is either
oversized or too small ) there will be a
continuous pressure on all teeth and other
 a, The first result of this stress will be orthodontic in
nature .If severe it may induce hyperemia , and
discomfort.
 b, Traumatic occlusion may result when pressure
contact forces ,a tooth in to a position having an
occlusal relation which in turn rocks the tooth in to
another position when functional stresses are
applied.
 c, Impingement of sub basal structures sometimes
THE COMMON CAUSES OF Appliance IN ACCURACIES ARE

 1. Faulty impression
 2. Improper care of the impression
 3. incorrect proportion of water powder ratio.
 4. Surface abrasion of the cast.
 5. Distortion of the cast unites during heat
treatment or soldering operation.
 6. Excessive polishing.
 2. STRESSES CAUSED BY INTERFERENCE OF THE
Appliance DURING INSERTION AND REMOVAL.

 It occurs when a contacting rigid area of a

removable prosthesis passes over a surface
buldge of abutment tooth.
 _ It is caused due to the failure in mouth
preparations to establish parallelism between
the tooth surfaces.
 _ The second source of this stress arises from
the movement of retentive clasps.
 an ideal clasp design provides a reciprocal
support to counter act the force generated by the
retentive clasp.
 GINGIVAL IMPINGEMENT BY THE REMOVABLE Appliance

 The gingiva are most susceptible to injury by any

pressure induced by a removable prosthesis.
 Inflammations in the area of contact made by the
unites which must cross the gingiva is soon
followed by edema.
 The end result is a resorptic loss of the adjacent
alveolar process with a pocket formation ,
loosening of the abutment follows, and as the
bone level is lowered, the tilting and twisting
 When the above situations occur a careful
examination sub-gingivally should be made to
check for possible pressure of calculous.
 Such deposits are at times the cause of irritation .
 The tooth surfaces on occlusal rest must not be
reduced in the process of polishing the prosthesis.

 Any reduction in the rest will allow the appliance

 4. STRESSES FROM OCCLUSAL RESTS PLACED ON INCLINES

 The frequent necessity of using first premolar

tooth for abutment services makes the problem
of effecting a safe transfer of partial denture
occlusal loads to the basal seat.
 The lingual anatomy of the first premolar
abutment is steeply inclined.
 In applying a partial denture loading on an
inclined surfaces , the appliance will slip as the
occlusal load is applied.
 5. STRESSES THAT MAJOR CONNECTOR MAY CAUSE

 There are three different ways in which a major

connector may produce impingement of the
structure over which it passes.
 a, If it is not rigid and is flexible
 b, During the lateral shifting of the appliance
(commonly seen in mandibular prosthesis).
 c, a generalized contact pressure which result a
change in relationship of the connector to the
 PREVENTION OF FLEXURE IMPINGEMENT
 1. Use a cast connector
 2. Increase the bulk when the connector is
long.
 [Link] half pear form instead of half round
 4. Use an alloy of gold that is rigid.
 5. Add secondary lingual bars across the
cingula of the lower anterior teeth.
 6. Use lingo plate connector which will be
 [Link] the anterior palatal bar to include two planes of
the palatal surface. Add bulks between the rugger crest.

 8. When the palatal arch is high and the rugae are

prominently developed to provide a corrugated under
surface . then it is necessary to also use a posterior palatal
bar.

 9. When the palate is low and flat (less well developed

system of rouge)

 It is necessary to use both anterior and posterior palatal

connectors.
 PREVENTION OF IMPINGEMENT FROM
LATERAL SHIFTING
 1. provide a slight space ,beneath the lingual bar by
placing a thin block out material before duplicating
the master cast.
 2. Employ more stabilizing unites. (Reciprocal clasp
arms , auxiliary occlusal rests, indirect retaining
unites.
 3. Reduce the cuspule inclines of the opposing
surface.
 4. Restore the best occlusal level
6 Extend to the maximal flange length
specially on the lingual .
 7. Provide multiple abutments
 8. Lingual bar wax patterns should be
thickened when there is a chance that later
reduction can be needed.
 9. A supporting base should be extended
as widely in buccal directions and over the
retro molar area as possible when an
unstable condition is suspected.
 10. Reduce the occlusal table.
STRESSES WHICH TORQUE OR TWIST THE ABUTMENT

 lateral movements of the extension bases

becomes aggravated when the sub-basal ridge is
low and flat in form.
 This movement results principally from inadequate
flange length.
 It also may be increased by the presence of
flabby , moveable pad of mucosal structure over
the ridge.
 Another critical factor in the development of torque
stresses is the presence of high cuspal inclines,
especially if there are surfaces which are not in
occlusal balance.

 In addition to above conditions torque stress will be

most destructive when the occlusal loads are heavy ,
when the abutment root is single or fused , when there
has been previous alveolar bone loss, about the
abutment teeth, when the occlusal table is long and
number of remaining teeth are few, and when the
TRAUMA FROM CONNECTOR SETTLEMENT CAUSES
 1. Inadequacy of occlusal rest ( particularly in
the instances of a mandibular partial denture.
 2. When too little free way space has been
provided for a patient with usually heavy
occlusal force loads, there may be intrusion of
the supporting teeth.
 3. The use of suitable materials to support an
occlusal rest is about not using one.
MEASURES FOR AVOIDING MAJOR
CONNECTOR SETTLEMENT


 1. The primary preventive measure to be taken

is an attempt to adjust for any metabolic
imbalance, when there is evident failure to
maintain the alveolar bone.
 2. If there has been previous loss of supportive
bone , splinting of the adjacent teeth will be a
major factor in avoiding over load after the
abutment service is added.
 3. Adequate occlusal rest unites should be
provided. In polishing the under surfaces of
these, no reduction is to be made. Burnish and
polish slightly.
 4. Restoration made of easily abraded materials
must be avoided in locating primary occlusal
rests.
 5. In designing a removable partial denture
 MEASURES EFFECTIVE IN TORQUE CONTROL
 1. Improve the ridge form
 [Link] the stability of the alveolar bone.
 3. splint adjacent teeth.
4 extend the base flange to the maximum length.
 [Link] and maintain the stability of the extension
base.
 6. Employ a rigid major connector.
 7. Utilize a combination clasp.
 STRESSES WHICH TILT AN ABUTMEN
 Stress loads can be transferred to the supporting
bone of the jaw through the periodontal
membrane.
 The ultimate result of compressive trauma of the
periodontium is bone resorption in the area of the
alveolar walls.
 As the tooth istiped, it assumes a position of
increasing malocclusion with the process generated
by occlusal imbalance being added to the
 extension partial denture rotates at its cross
arch fulcrum line in two directions towards and
away from the sub basal structure.
 As a result of periodontal pressure developed
either from the mesial or distal surfaces of the
abutment alveolus.
 In the tooth born appliance , the abutment
serving the extension base prosthesis also
receives stresses directed laterally.
 CONTROL OF FORCES WHICH TILT AN ABUTMENT.

 1. cross arch abutment for remote anchorage .

 2. Limiting stress caused by base movement
towards the ridge.
 by improving the support.
 a, Improve the ability of the supporting
structure to carry a greater load. (by surgical
procedures during mouth preparations.)
 b,if there has been prolonged lack of functional activity, exercise
therapy to be employed.

 c, increase the basal coverage.

 d, Reduce the bucolingual width of the occlusal surface and reduce

the possibility of bruxism by balancing occlusion

 3. Limiting stress caused by base movement away from the ridge

 a, The pull of sticky substance.

 b, expulsion of air from the lung ( coughing and sneezing )

 c, Gravity in the case of maxillary extension base appliance.

 d, Stresses caused by the free end of an
extension base appliance tending to loose ridge
contact could be improved by
 1. Reduction of the weight of the maxillary
partial denture.
 2. Avoid peripheral encroachment on moving
circumjacent structure in the attempt to
enlarge the area of the base.
 3. Reduce the base peripheries ( if there has been
over extension)
 [Link] and finish the appliance so that there is
less chance of a sticky bolus adhere to the surface.
 5. Position the teeth in the areas where they do
not interfere with the tongue and cheeks.
 6. Employ complete palatal coverage to obtain
surface tension support. (indirect retention)
 7, Utilize multiple abutments.
 SPLINTING TO IMPROVE STRESS CONTROL
 An abutment with a single root is always more
vulnerable because of its reduced area of surface
support , but when the root is round it also
ecomes very susceptible to torque.
 Often a single root is round and tapered and this
form is accompanied by a previous loss of bone
around it , indicating susceptibility to alveolar
atrophy.
 When there are especially urgent
conditions and reasons for retaining teeth
under the above conditions there is one
possible way of controlling the stress load.
This is by the use of multiple abutments.
 INSTRUCTION FOR THE PATIENTS RECEIVING
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
 Oral hygiene habits of the partial denture
patients.
 There must be incorporated a program of
cleanliness which applies to the remaining teeth as
well as the removable prosthesis.
 Not only should the teeth and gum tissues be
cleansed with periodic thoroughness at home ,
but also there must be a regular visits to the
 Control of carries,
 Effective carries control must be considered as
an integral part of the oral hygiene program of a
partial denture patient. when this cooperation is
lacking ,the choice of a complete denture
service is the most conservative procedure for
both the patient and the dentist.
 Cleansing the partial denture

 Most of partial denture bases will be made of resin, a

material which is easily [Link] would follow then ,
that no cleansing agent , or soap or even sharp stiff
bristle brush should be used by the patient , if they can
cut or scratch a resin surface. Care should be taken not
to break the clasps during cleansing the denture.

 FREQUENCY OF CLEANING

 Clean the teeth and the removable prosthesis after

eating and before retiring.
 THE BRUSH WATER METHOD
 The brush water method may be made much
more effective if a non abrasive soap or
dentifrice is also added.
 house hold cleansing powders should never be
used for this purpose. Abrasion of the appliance
surfaces must be avoided
 If the appliance is to be brushed, it is safer to
do this over a basin partially filled with water
to break the force of any accidental fall.
 However the most effective and safest
procedure in cleansing a denture is by the
use of several solvents cleaners now
available for this use.
 DETERGENT CLEANSING SOLUTIONS

 Several commercial denture cleansers are

available for this purpose. Any one of them must
be used frequently .
 The advantage of this non brushing method of
cleaning are,
 1. The danger of dropping appliance is
minimized.
 2. hard to reach areas are effectively cleaned.
 3. Adequate cleansing is possible for the patient who
has a physical defect which would render brushing
difficult or impossible.
 4. Possible abrasive reduction of a resin base is
avoided.
 5. safe storage ( in fluid) is provided when an
appliance must be out of the mouth temporarily.
 6. appliance care are made less repulsive for the
person who has a strong distaste for such tasks.
 REMOVAL OF CALCIFIED DEPOSITES

 Deposits of calculous (tartar) will not be

removed by the denture cleansers.
 The patient should be instructed not to attempt
to scrap or scratch it from the appliance.
 Roughening the surface will tend to make the
calculous adhere more tightly.
A very effective and harmless agent for removing
this precipitated material is a week solution of
acetic acid.
 One or two tea spoon full of house hold vinegar in
a worm water provides a bath which will remove
such deposits with out danger of abrading or
other damage.
 The usual method is to leave the appliance in the
CARE OF REMOVABLE APPLIANCE OUT
SIDE THE MOUTH

 An appliance should not be allowed to become

dried out if any resin ( teeth base)has been used
in its construction .
 for safe storage it should be placed in a special
container and covered with water or a cleansing
solution.
 ORAL RE EXAMINATION
 1. The patient with an average mouth condition should
be given an oral prophylactic treatment at intervals of
about six months.

 [Link] least once a year an x-ray examination of the dental

arch should be made to supplement the care full clinical
inspection.

 3. If the patient is carries susceptible his oral inspection

should be more frequently.

 4. Alveolar atrophy may accelerate during certain illness

and climacteric periods in the life of the individual
 WHAT THE PATIENT CAN DO TO ASSURE MAXIMUM SERVICE
FROM HIS PROSTHETIC APPLIANCE
 1. a special effort should be made to avoid
careless handling of dropping of partial denture
 2. to be sure of better and safer , do not brush a
removable appliance instead clean it with
cleansing solutions
 3. carries susceptible patients should follow an
adequate control program in an attempt to arrest
this conditions
. have a prophylaxis treatment at
regular intervals , followed by a careful
examination of the teeth and tissues,
an annual x-ray examination of the oral
cavity be a routine procedure
 [Link] denture base should be corrected as
soon as there is evidence that resorption of
ridge tissues has occurred , frequent
examinations will disclose these conditions
before damage has resulted and immediate
releasing will restore adequate support
 6. maintain a well balanced diet
 7. remove and insert the partial denture
with care
 8. exercise to stimulate the gum tissues by
massage is especially needed by the
patients who must wear a removable partial
denture
 THE EVERY DENTURE
 The Every denture does not confirm to the usual
principles of design and is there fore considered
separately .
 It is a totally mucosa supported denture .
 And can thus only be utilized in the upper jaw .It
is best suited to situations where there is a broad
flat palate and more than two bounded
edentulous areas.
 The design is not intended for the use in the
presence free end edentulous areas.
 The load transferred from the denture to the
natural teeth are reduced to the minimum and
the teeth are readily added to the acrylic resin
base plate.
 It is there fore useful in situations where the
prognosis of the remaining natural teeth is
There are five principles incorporated in the
design.

1. Point of contact and wide embrasures between

natural and artificial teeth.

2. No cuspule interference in lateral excursion.

3. All gingival margins to be uncovered.

4. Contact between denture and the distal surfaces

of the last natural tooth.
5. Retention gained from the principles utilized
in complete denture.
 POINT OF CONTACT AND WIDE EMBRASURES
 Point of contact between natural and artificial
teeth is achieved by permitting convex surfaces
in both horizontal and vertical planes of touch.
 The contact is developed as in an intact dental
arch ,towards the buccal side of the
interproximal areas.
 The point of contact must lie at or above the
survey line.
 This point of contact reduces the lateral forces
transferred from the denture to the posterior
teeth to a minimum.
 Wide embrasures are a natural consequence of
convexity contacting tooth surfaces.
 They result in less tooth stagnation around the
teeth, and permit free access of saliva with its
plaque inhibiting properties to the tooth and
 RETENTION GAINED FROM THE PRINCIPLES
UTILIZED IN COMPLETE

 For good retention, the denture base must

cover as large an area of the palate as
possible and be a good fit against the tissues.
 The exposed palatal border should have post
and pin dams, the polished surface must be
shaped so that , the lips, cheeks and tongue
can control the denture.
 SPOON DENTURE.
 This is an other design which depends for
retention upon the principles utilized with
complete denture.
 The maximum area of palate should there fore be
covered, but the lateral borders of the denture
should be at least 3mm from the gingival
margins of the natural teeth.
 The baseplate must fit well against the tissues
and its border possesses pin and post dam.
 However retention depends upon the action of
the tongue. Spoon dentures are there fore more
successful in children.
 The presence of anterior flange stabilizes the denture
against posterior displacement and also helps to resist
down wards movement of the posterior portion .
 Thus when ever possible flange should be used , but
esthetic must have prior considerations.
 When conditions for retention are exceptionally good
up to four anterior teeth may be carried by a spoon
denture.
 If necessary buccal retentive arms can be added.
 Adams type cribs ( double arrow clasps) have
frequently been used for this purpose, but are
not suitable for use in an appliance that is to be
worn for an extended period of time.
 If the use of clasp is essential , only minimal
selective grinding of the tips of the opposing
cusps on the lower teeth should be under taken.
 The provision of spoon denture with out any
additional means of retention may hazard the
health of the patient owing to the ease with
which the appliance may be inhaled or
ingested.
 Since normal acrylic resin is radiolucent such
dentures are extremely difficult to locate
radiographically.