Formation of elements in

the

Big
Bang
Formation of elements in
the The Big Bang Theory

Big
Is a physical theory that
describes how the universe
expanded from an initial state
of high density and
temperature.

Bang
Formation of elements in
the

Big
Bang
Georges Lemaitre
He was the first to argue that
the recession of galaxies is
evidence of an expanding
universe and to connect the
observational Hubble-Lemaitre
Law.
 BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNT
The rapid expansion caused by
the universe to cool down and
become less dense, forming new

HESIS
particles mainly protons,
neutrons, and electrons.

As the universe cooled down the

subatomic particles form, and
the universe entered a phase
called big bang nucleosynthesis.
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

proton

deuteron

neutron
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

deuteron
Triton

neutron
 ISOTOPE
Have the same number of proton
but different in the number of
neutron.
 NUCLEI OF THE
THREE ISOTOPES
OF HYDROGEN
Protium/ proton Deuterium/ deuteron tritirum/ triton

+ + +
1 proton 1 proton 1 proton
1 neutron 2 neutron
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

deuteron

Helium 4

deuteron
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

triton

Helium 4

proton
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

Helium 3 Helium 4

Isotopes of hydrogen
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

Triton
Helium 4 Lithium
UCLEOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that creates new atomic nucleus
from preexisting nucleons, primarily protons
and neutrons.

Helium 4 Helium 4 Beryllium

3

Li
Lithium

B
Beryllium
1 2

H
Hydrogen
H
Helium

e
 1 2

H Hydrogen
H
Helium

75% e 25%
Light form distant galaxies are from glowing
elements which emits spectra of a particular
frequencies primarily HYDROGEN AND HELIUM.
 Particles bounce back after
collision because of insufficient
heat or energy.
UCLEAR FUSION
Is the process by which light nuclei fuse
together to form a heavier nucleus. When this
happens, tremendous amount of energy is
released.

Through nuclear fusion, the light

elements such as hydrogen,
helium, and small amounts of
lithium and beryllium were
formed.
 What have you learned so far?
SHORT RESPONSE

1. What was formed as the universe expanded and cooled down?

2. What do you call the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting
nucleus?

3. What is the process by which light nuclei join together to form heavier nucleus?
FORMATION OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS:

STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Elements formed by fusion with
five to eight nucleons are very
unstable, and it is the reason why
Lithium and Beryllium only
occurs in trace amounts during
the big bang.
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
The formation of heavy elements
by the fusion of lighter nuclei is
the interior of the stars is called
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS.
 Nuclear STELLAR
Fusion VSNUCLEOSYNTHES
Is the process by which light nuclei fuse
together to form a heavier nucleus.
IS
The formation of heavy elements by
the fusion of lighter nuclei is the
When this happens, tremendous interior of the stars is called
amount of energy is released.
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
 The

STARS HAS
LAYERS!
Stars have interior layers that are
differentiated not only based on the
materials they compose of but also on
their temperature. The varying intensities
of temperature in the layers determine the
elements that can be nucleosynthesized in
them.
PROTON-PROTON
FUSION reaction that occurs
Is a nuclear

is stars like our Sun

where hydrogen is
converted into
helium.
CARBON-NITROGEN-
OXYGEN CYCLE
Is a series of nuclear
fusion reaction that
convert hydrogen into
helium in stars.
P-P FUSION VS
CNO CYCLE
 P-P FUSION CNO CYCLE
• Dominant is star • Dominant is star process in stars that
process with our sun’s
are more that 1.3 times as massive
mass or less.
CONVERTS as our sun.

HYDROGEN • Requires higher temperature.

TO HELIUM • Uses carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

isotopes as catalyst
• More efficient in higher
temperatures.
• Produces more energy.
TRIPLE APLHA
PROCESS Isreaction
a nuclear fusion
that
creates carbon
atoms from helium
nuclei or alpha
particles, in stars.
TRIPLE APLHA
PROCESS Isforathe
crucial process
evolution of
stars and the
abundance of
carbon on earth.
STELL
AR
Is the process of a star
changing over time. It
begins with the
formation of a star from
a gas cloud called a

EVOLUTION
nebula, and spends
most of its time burning
hydrogen to helium
through nuclear fusion.
This stage is called MAIN
SEQUENCE.
STELL
AR
as the star runs out of
hydrogen fuel, it begins
to evolve off the main
sequence, and its
evolution depends on its

EVOLUTION
mass.
Mass of stars influence the type of
elements it can produce.
 The P-P Fusion, CNO cycle, and Triple
Alpha Process occurs at different stages
PROCESS of a star’s
WHEN life.
IT OCCURS
PROTON-PROTON CHAIN Occurs in stars with masses less than or
equal to the sun. Primarily coverts
hydrogen to helium.
CARBON-NITROGEN-OXYGEN CYCLE Occurs in stars with masses greater that
about 1.3 solar masses. Has high
contribution to main sequence stars as it
ages.
TRIPLE-ALPHA PROCESS Occurs in post-main sequence stars such
as red giants and super giants.
 What have you learned so far?
SHORT RESPONSE

1. What is the primary process by which elements heavier that helium are formed
in stars?

2. How does the mass of stars influence the types of elements it can produce
through nucleosynthesis?

3. What is the significance of supernovae in the context of stellar nucleosynthesis?

FORMATION OF HEAVY
ELEMENTS:

NEUTRON CAPTURE
 HEAVIER ELEMENTS LIKE
IRON CANNOT BE FORMED
THROUGH FUSION AS IT
NEEDS TREMEANDOUS
AMOUNT OF ENERGY FOR
THE REACTION TO OCCUR.
THE SIGNIFICANCE TO THE
SUPERNOVA IN CONTEXT TO
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IS THE
FORMATION OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS.

SUPERNOVA or the explosion of

stars, leads to the creation of
heavier elements because of the
NEUTRON CAPTURE REACTION.
 NEUTRON CAPTURE
REACTION

These heavy elements are created by the addition of

more neutrons to the existing nuclei instead of fusion of
light nuclei.
In this process, addition of neutrons to a nucleus does not
change an element, rather creates a more massive isotope of
the same element.
 NEUTRON CAPTURE
REACTION

Eventually, many neutrons will be added to the nucleus

that it becomes unstable.
 NEUTRON CAPTURE
REACTION

Eventually, many neutrons will be added to the nucleus

that it becomes unstable.
The unstable nucleus the decays radioactively, forming
a stable nucleus of other elements.
ACTIVIT
(study everything)
Y!
THE END OF
MODULE 1

THANKY