INDO-PAK WAR
OF 1965
Introduction
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 or
the Second Kashmir War was a
culmination of skirmishes that
took place between April 1965
and September 1965 between
Pakistan and India.
The conflict began following
Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar,
which was designed to infiltrate
forces into Jammu and Kashmir to
precipitate an insurgency against
Indian rule. India retaliated by
launching a full-scale military
attack on West Pakistan.
Pre-war Escalation
Since the Partition of British India in 1947, Pakistan and India
remained in contention over several issues. Although the
Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the
nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the
Rann of Kutch, a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat.
Pakistani patrols began patrolling in territory controlled by
India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both
countries on each other's posts on 8 April 1965.
In June 1965, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully
persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a
tribunal to resolve the dispute. The verdict, which came later in
1968, saw Pakistan awarded 910 square kilometers of the Rann
of Kutch.
After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the
leadership of General Ayub Khan, believed the Indian Army
would be unable to defend itself against a quick military
campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian
military had suffered a loss to China in 1962.
Beginning of War
The 1965 war between India and
Pakistan was the second conflict
between the two countries over the
status of the state of Jammu and
Kashmir.
The conflict began following Pakistan's
Operation Gibraltar, which was
designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu
and Kashmir to precipitate an
insurgency against Indian rule.
Operation Gibraltar was a failure since
the presence of Pakistanis was reported
to the Indian authorities by the locals
[Link] Indian Army retaliated
and captured the Haji Pir Pass in
Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK).
On 1 September, Pakistan put into action its Operation Grand
Slam aimed at capturing the town of Akhnoor in [Link]
retaliated by attacking further south of the valley and
successfully drove away the infiltrators from Kargil.
The international border (Radcliffe Line) was crossed by India
on 6 September which marked the official beginning of the war.
This war, unlike the previous conflict in 1947-48, was fought on
many fronts including in Rajasthan. This war also saw aerial
combat between India and Pakistan for the first time.
Ceasefire
The UN security council passed
Resolution 211 on September 20, 1965,
urging the countries to come together
for a dialogue. Both Indian and Pakistan
agreed upon a cease-fire agreement
that came into effect on September 23.
Both the USA and the USSR intervened
diplomatically to prevent further
escalation of the conflict.
The USSR remained neutral during the
1965 war and played a pivotal role in
negotiating the peace agreement
between India and Pakistan.
The US had also not given any military
aid to Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War
of 1965.
Aftermath of War
Despite the declaration of a ceasefire, India was
perceived as the victor due to its success in
halting the Pakistan-backed insurgency in
Kashmir.
While the overall performance of the Indian
military was praised, military leaders were
criticized for their failure to effectively deploy
India's superior armed forces to achieve a
decisive victory over Pakistan.
Therefore, India focused on enhancing
communication and coordination within and
among the tri-services of the Indian Armed
Forces.
Major improvements were also made in
command and control to address various
shortcomings and the positive impact of these
changes was clearly visible during the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1971 when India achieved a
decisive victory over Pakistan within two weeks.
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Made By:
Prerna Nain (20/1045)
RoshaniRathore (20/1055)
