Module 1: Multidisciplinary Nature of Notes Environmental
Studies and Natural Resources
Unit I: Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies
BTCH-101-23-CO2 Analyze microscopic chemistry in terms of atomic and molecular orbitals
and intermolecular forces.
Dr. Jaya Bansal
BTCH-101-23-CO2 Analyze microscopic chemistry in terms of atomic and molecular orbitals
and intermolecular forces.
Dr. Jaya Bansal
Van Der Waals Forces
• These are
intermolecular forces
of attraction between
neutral molecules.
• The Nobel Prize in
Physics 1910
(Johannes van der
Waals)
• "for his work on the
equation of state for
gases and liquids"
3
intER vs. intRA molecular forces
• Intramolecular forces are the forces within a
molecule or ionic compound
Example: Individual therapy
NaCl Ionic bond between atom of Na and atom of Cl
• Intermolecular forces are the forces between
molecules or ions and molecules
Example: couples therapy
Solid liquid gas
4
Intramolecular forces Intermolecular forces
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Strength
Intramolecular bonds > intermolecular forces
Intramolecular bonds are stronger because it
would take a lot more energy to overcome
covalent bonds and break apart the molecule
than to overcome intermolecular forces in
between the atoms (to make it become a liquid
or gas).
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3 Types of van der Waals
Forces
• Dipole-Dipole forces
• London Dispersion forces
• Hydrogen bonding
9
10
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• These are forces of attraction that occur between
polar molecules. (big difference in electron
negativity)
• These forces are effective only when polar
molecules are very close. As distance increase
strength of bond decreases.
• For molecules of approximately equal mass and
size, the strength of force of attraction increases as
the polarity increases.
• Radius have an effect on strength of dipole.
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DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
_
+
+
_ +
_ +
12
FYI
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DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• Molecules with larger
dipole moments have
higher melting and boiling
points (hard to break)
than those with small
dipole moments.
• Dipole attractions are
relatively weak and tend
to be liquids or gas at
room temperature.
14
HYDROGEN BONDING
• A special type of dipole-dipole
interaction between the hydrogen atom
in a polar bond and an unshared
electron pair of an element that is very
electronegative usually a F, O, or N
atom on another molecule
• (note that all of these have very high
EN’s and small atomic radii).
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HYDROGEN BONDING
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WHY HYDROGEN BONDING IS
EFFECTIVE
• F, O, & N are extremely small and very
electronegative atoms.
• Hydrogen atoms are very small and have no inner
core of electrons, therefore, the positive side of the
bond dipole has the concentrated charge of the
partially exposed, nearly bare proton of the
nucleus.
• …in other words, the atoms have a large difference
in electronegativity and their nuclei can get really17
close.
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LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• Fritz London
• These are forces that
arise as a result of
temporary dipoles
induced in the atoms or
molecules.( it’s a
temporary accident!)
• All molecules have
some degree of LD
forces
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LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• LD forces occur between neutral non-polar molecules.
(nobles gases and nonpolar compounds)
• Occurs in all molecules, including nonpolar ones.
• LD forces are weak
• The greater the number of electrons the greater the LD
force. (ie the greater the melting and boiling pt.).
Say This: The larger the electron cloud the more polarizable an the greater
the strength of the interaction
• LD force molecules have Low melting and boiling pts
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INSTANTANEOUS AND
INDUCED DIPOLES
Pg 454- 455 in text
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LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
(CONT)
• These forces tend to increase in strength with an
increase in molecular weight (The size of the
molecule generally increases with mass and the
electrons are less tightly held…allows the
electron cloud to be more easily distorted.
• These forces are stronger in linear molecules
than comparable “bunched up” molecules.
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ION-DIPOLE FORCES
• Attraction between an ion and the partial
charge on the end of a polar molecule.
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ION-DIPOLE FORCES (CONT)
• The magnitude of attraction increases as
either the charge of the ion increases or
magnitude of the dipole moment increases.
• Ion-dipole forces are important in solutions
of ionic substances in polar liquids (e.g.
water)
• Stronger than Hydrogen bonding
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ION-DIPOLE FORCES AND THE
SOLUTION PROCESS
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26
Changes of state
• The energy involved it phase changes is
calculated using
– Heat of fusion (solid liquid or liquid solid)
– Heat of vaporization (liquid gas or gas liquid)
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Energy Changes and Phase
Changes
Heat of Vaporization: Vaporization is an
endothermic process ( it requires heat). Energy is
required to overcome intermolecular forces to turn
liq to gas. (AKA evaporate)
Hvap is an Indicator of strength of IMF
Methane Propane
CH4 C3H8
9.2 kJ/mol 18.1 kJ/mol
Larger molecule…greater IMF…greater Hvap 28
Heating Curve
• A plot of the temperature versus time
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Heat of
Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
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Critical Stuff
• Critical Temperature: The temperature above
which it is impossible to liquefy the gas under
study no matter how high the applied pressure.
• Critical Pressure: The pressure required to
liquefy a gas as at its critical temperature
NOTE: the critical temp of a gas gives an indication
of the strength of the IMF of that gas. A
substance with weak attractive forces would have
a low critical temp.
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Which gas can be liquefied at 25ºC
Gas Critical Temp Critical
ºC Pressure
atm
Ammonia 132 112
Critical Temp above
Ethanol 25ºC
158 78
Argon -186 6 under
Critical Temp
25ºC
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van der Waals Equation
p a / V V
2
m m b nRT
Vm,eff Vm b
repulsion
2
peff p a / V m
attraction
van der Waals constants
a (dm
6 -1
atm mole ) b (dm mole -1
)
He 0.034 0.0237
Ar 1.345 0.0322
N2 1.390 0.0391
O2 1.360 0.0318
CO2 3.592 0.0427
