Chapter 3

More Flow of Control

3.3
More About C++ Loop
Statements
More About
C++ Loop Statements
 A loop is a program construction that repeats a
statement or sequence of statements a number
of times
 The body of the loop is the statement(s) repeated

 Each repetition of the loop is an iteration

 Loop design questions:

 What should the loop body be?

 How many times should the body be iterated?

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while and do-while
 An important difference between while and
do-while loops:
 A while loop checks the Boolean expression at the

beginning of the loop


A while loop might never be executed!
 A do-while loop checks the Boolean expression at
the end of the loop

A do-while loop is always executed at least once

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The Increment Operator
 We have used the increment operator in
statements such as
number++;
to increase the value of number by one
 The increment operator can also be used in
expressions:
int number = 2;
int value_produced = 2 * (number++);
 (number++) first returns the value of number (2) to

be multiplied by 2, then increments number to three

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number++ vs ++number
 (number++) returns the current value of number,
then increments number
 An expression using (number++) will use

the value of number BEFORE it is incremented

 (++number) increments number first and returns
the new value of number
 An expression using (++number) will use

the value of number AFTER it is incremented

 Number has the same value after either version!

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++ Comparisons
 int number = 2;
int value_produced = 2 * (number++);
cout << value_produced << " " << number;

displays 4 3
 int number = 2;
int value_produced = 2* (++number);
cout << value_produced << " " number;

displays 6 3

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The Decrement Operator
 The decrement operator (--) decreases the value
of the variable by one
 int number = 8;
int value_produced = number--;
cout << value_produced << " " << number;

displays 8 7
 Replacing "number--" with "--number"
displays 7 7

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The for-Statement
 A for-Statement (for-loop) is another loop
mechanism in C++
 Designed for common tasks such as adding

numbers in a given range

 Is sometimes more convenient to use than a

while loop
 Does not do anything a while loop cannot do

Slide 3- 9
for/while Loop Comparison
 sum = 0;
n = 1;
while(n <= 10) // add the numbers 1 - 10
{
sum = sum + n;
n++;
}

 sum = 0;
for (n = 1; n <= 10; n++) //add the numbers 1 - 10
sum = sum + n;

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For Loop Dissection
 The for loop uses the same components as the
while loop in a more compact form
 for (n = 1; n <= 10; n++)

Initialization Action Update Action

Boolean Expression

Slide 3- 11
for Loop Alternative
 A for loop can also include a variable declaration
in the initialization action
 for (int n = 1; n < = 10; n++)

This line means


Create a variable, n, of type int and initialize it with 1

Continue to iterate the body as long as n <= 10

Increment n by one after each iteration
 For-loop syntax and while loop comparison
are found in

Display 3.11

Slide 3- 12
Display 3.11
Back Next

Slide 3- 13
for-loop Details
 Initialization and update actions of for-loops
often contain more complex expressions
 Here are some samples

for (n = 1; n < = 10; n = n + 2)

for(n = 0 ; n > -100 ; n = n -7)

for(double x = pow(y,3.0); x > 2.0; x = sqrt(x) )

Slide 3- 14
The for-loop Body
 The body of a for-loop can be
 A single statement

 A compound statement enclosed in braces


Example:
for(int number = 1; number >= 0; number--)
{
// loop body statements
}
 Display 3.13 shows the syntax for a for-loop
with a multi-statement body

Slide 3- 15
The Empty Statement
 A semicolon creates a C++ statement
 Placing a semicolon after x++ creates the statement

x++;
 Placing a semicolon after nothing creates an

empty statement that compiles but does nothing

cout << "Hello" << endl;

;
cout << "Good Bye"<< endl;

Slide 3- 16
Extra Semicolon
 Placing a semicolon after the parentheses of a
for loop creates an empty statement as the
body of the loop
 Example: for(int count = 1; count <= 10; count++);
cout << "Hello\n";

prints one "Hello", but not as part of the loop!


The empty statement is the body of the loop

cout << "Hello\n"; is not part of the loop body!

Slide 3- 17
Local Variable Standard
 ANSI C++ standard requires that a variable
declared in the for-loop initialization section
be local to the block of the for-loop
 Find out how your compiler treats these
variables!
 If you want your code to be portable, do not
depend on all compilers to treat these variables
as local to the for-loop!

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Display 3.1 Back Next

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Display 3.2 Back Next

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Display 3.3 Back Next

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Display 3.4
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Display 3.5 (1/2)
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Display 3.5
(2/2) Back Next

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Display 3.6 (1/2)
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Display 3.6
(2/2) Back Next

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Display 3.7 (1/2)
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Display 3.7 (2/2)
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Display 3.8 (1/2)
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Display 3.8
(2/2) Back Next

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Display 3.9
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Display 3.10
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Display 3.11
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Display 3.12 Back Next

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Display 3.13 Back Next

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Display 3.14
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Display 3.15
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