Weeks 3-4

LEARNING OUTCOMES

2. Describe the evolution of

culture vis-à-vis society.
3. List the importance of social
groups and being in social
groups.
 Stichweh (2022) argues
that sociology has a two
theories of social
evolution. These are:
Differentiation Theory
and Theory of Socio-
cultural Evolution.
These two theories were
developed due to the
specialized studies on
the organisms,
particularly in the
Darwinian model of
evolution.
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIATION
• It is a theory that describes
the internal division and
functional specialization
within the society.
• It is merely rooted from the
developments from
embryology in the 19th-
century.
THEORY OF SOCIO-CULTURAL
EVOLUTION
• It is a theory that describes
the change of the structures
of society and culture that
produces a new system.
• It is merely rooted from the
developments from
Darwin’s theory of evolution
in 19th-century.
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR
OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION
COMMUNICATIVE ELEMENT
• The individual speaker
and recipient of messages
have different
interpretations to the
message conveyed.
• Some recursive elements
are practiced and some
elements are reproduced.
SOCIAL SYSTEM ELEMENT

• The individuals are

different within the
social system.
• Different
expressions of truth.
 FIVE HISTORICAL
STAGES OF EVOLUTION
• Migration of Homo Sapiens and the Spread of
Humanity on Earth (65, 000-10, 000 BCE)
• Hunter-gatherer Society (40, 000-10, 000 BCE)
• Agriculture, States, and Empires (10, 000 BCE-1,
500 CE)
• Writing and Stratified Civilizations (4, 000 BCE-
1700 CE)
• Modern World Society (1700-present)
MIGRATION OF HOMO SAPIENS AND THE SPREAD
OF HUMANITY ON EARTH (65, 000-10, 000 BCE)

• Homo Sapiens entered

in history around 100,
000 years ago in Lake
Victoria (East Africa).
• They gather as a small
tribe and migrate to
habitable lands.
MIGRATION OF HOMO SAPIENS AND THE SPREAD
OF HUMANITY ON EARTH (65, 000-10, 000 BCE)

• Separation from this

group came due to the
different communication
elements.
• Because of the
separation from each
other, there has been an
absence of contact to
each other.
HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETY (40, 000-10, 000 BCE)

• Members of other
hominid species went
extinct.
• Strangers from other
groups were included
if they are beneficial
to the group.
AGRICULTURE, STATES, AND EMPIRES (10, 000 BCE-1, 500 CE)

• The discovery of
agriculture allowed for
the organized social
systems.
• Once the society
settled permanently, the
concept of “survival”
became non-existent.
AGRICULTURE, STATES, AND EMPIRES (10, 000 BCE-1, 500 CE)

• Innovation became
possible because of
agriculture.
• Slavery, conquest, war,
and inclusion of slavery
became the norm.
• States and empires
became existent.
WRITING AND STRATIFIED CIVILIZATIONS (4, 000 BCE-1700 CE)

• The invention of
writing led to easy
diffusion of ideas.
• The easy diffusion
of ideas provided a
communication style
of each civilization.
MODERN WORLD SOCIETY (1700-PRESENT)

• It arose due to the

intercultural
communication and
conquest.
• Some cultures are
respected and some
integrated and some
lost.
 SOCIAL GROUPS AND
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
 Aristotle
considers that
human beings are
social animals. If
not, it is either
they are gods or
wild beasts.
 Hegel also
considers that
freedom in the
Objective Spirit is
realized when the
subject recognize
the “Other.”
Max Weber argues
that mutual
recognition and
mutual awareness
that establishes
within the group of
society.
DEFINITION OF GROUP

“Groups are units of two or more people meeting

in the same environment, or overcoming
distance by some means of communication, who
are influencing each other psychologically. The
distinctive bond of the group is reciprocal
interaction. Friends in conversation, a committee
in action and children playing together are
examples (Anderson & Parker, 1966).
DIFFERENT FORMS OF GROUPS

• Primary Group
• Secondary Group
• Reference Group
• In-group
• Out-group
• Community
• Association
• Organizations
• Social Networks
PRIMARY GROUPS

• These groups are

small in number
that regularly
have a direct
interaction with
each other.
SECONDARY GROUPS

• These groups are

large in number
that are formal
and impersonal.
REFERENCE GROUPS

• These groups
provide rules of
conduct and
behavior to its
members.
IN-GROUPS

• These groups
provide pride and
sense of
belonging to a
member.
OUT-GROUPS

• These groups are

in competition
with other groups.
COMMUNITY

• These groups are

affiliated with
residential ties to
a particular
locality.
ASSOCIATION

• These groups are

formed to for
fulfillment of
common needs.
ORGANIZATION

• These groups are

formed principally
in order to attain
certain goals.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ORGANIZATION

• Formal organizations- these are groups that

existence of procedures for mobilising and
coordinating the efforts of various, usually
specialised, sub-groups in the pursuit of joint
objectives.
• Informal organizations-informally organised by the
participants themselves, and they compliment
those formally organised for them by the
management.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

• Mutual benefit organizations- members are

beneficiaries.
• Business organizations- members are
businessmen and entrepreneurs.
• Client-centered- members are customers.
• Common-wealth organizations- these are
advocacy groups or for the public good.
SOCIAL NETWORKS

• These groups are

the totality of
relationships that link
us to other people
and groups and
through them to still
other people and
groups.
SOCIALIZATION
• This is the term
sociologists use to
describe the
process by which
people learn their
culture.
THE IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization helps
the children to learn
the ways of human
acts and acts of man.
• It provides us the
concept of culture.
• It protects us from
extreme isolation.
 THEORIES OF
SOCIALIZATION
LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY BY CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

• This theory
states that a
person sees
themselves in
the other just
like a mirror.
SOCIAL SELF THEORY BY CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

• This theory
states that a
person sees
themselves in
the other just
like a mirror.
SOCIAL SELF THEORY BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

• This theory
states that a
person learns by
taking the role of
the “other.”
• The children
learn by taking
the roles from
significant others
and generalized
others.
• Significant others
are those closest to
the individual.
• Generalized
others are the
members of the
society.
THREE STAGES OF SOCIAL SELF THEORY BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

• Imitation Stage (0-3 years

old)- infants copy their parents
without understanding.
• Play Stage (3-6 years old)-
Children take roles from their
parents or any occupation by
pretending.
• Game Stage (7 years-above)-
Children know the roles and
expectations of the society.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF SIGMUND FREUD

• This theory states

that the behavior
of the human
person is a product
of unconscious
mind.
THREE CORE PERSONALITIES IN SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

• Id- the drives for

pleasure.
• Ego- the rational
side.
• Super-ego- the
moralistic side.
• Freud argues that infants are
leaning always to Id.
• As infants grow, they tend to
become rational since they
had learnt that every desire
cannot be satisfied easily.
• Failure to have the Id
controlled by Super-ego can
lead to life of criminality.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORALITY DEVELOPMENT

• This theory states

that the behavior of
the human person
develops by having
their own sense of
right and wrong.
THREE STAGES OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORALITY DEVELOPMENT

• Pre-Conventional- children have their own

sense of right and wrong because of reward
and punishment.
• Conventional- adolescents follow the rules
because society expects them to do so.
• Post-conventional- adults may supersede
society’s expectations by following their
conscience.
JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• This theory states

that the behavior of
the human person
is defined the way
how they
rationalize and
think.
FOUR STAGES OF JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Sensorimotor (infants)- children learn the world

through senses.
• Pre-operational (2-7 years old)- children have an
understanding of symbols in its simplest concept.
• Concrete-operational (7-12 years old)- children
know the concept of cause and effect of things.
• Formal Operational (12-above)- children know to
think abstractly and make solutions from this.
CAROL GILLIGAN’S GENDER MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

• This theory states

that the boys tend to
judge right or wrong
based on abstract
principles and girls
tend to judge right or
wrong based on
personal connections.
ERIK ERIKSON’S IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT THEORY

• This theory states that

the identity develops
through different stages
in life which every
person must resolve the
crisis they experience
in each stage in order
to develop successfully.
 AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY

• This is the
primary group that
greatly shapes the
behavior of the
individual.
SCHOOLS

• This agent of
socialization
reinforces the
socialization the
parents taught
them.
PEERS

• This agent of
socialization
influences our tastes
in music and
entertainment and
provide emotional
support to us.
MASS MEDIA

• This agent of
socialization
influences our
political views,
entertainment, and
what is trending.
RELIGION

• This agent of
socialization
influences our the
moral views of the
human person.
 SOCIALIZATION
THROUGH LIFE COURSE
CHILDHOOD

• This life course is crucial since it

is the foundation of the
development of the human
person.
ADOLESCENCE

• This is the stage where a person

demands independence but they
are not mature enough.
ADULTHOOD

• This is the stage where a person

becomes mature enough to
make decisions.
OLD AGE

• This is the stage where a

person becomes reflective on
their life.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• These are the established
patterns of beliefs, behaviors
and relationships that organize
social life.
FIVE BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Government
• Economy
FAMILY

• It is a social institution that

provides emotional and
practical support to its
members. The family provides
a foundation for children
because it is where
socialization initially takes
place.
EDUCATION

• It is a social institution that plays a

vital role in shaping individuals’
beliefs and values from a young
age. One of the primary roles
education plays is the transmission
of knowledge and skills between
different generations, including
academic knowledge and social and
cultural norms.
RELIGION

• It is a social institution
that provides a moral
framework for individuals
and communities. Religion
typically reinforces the
belief in a higher power.
GOVERNMENT

• It is an institution that is
responsible for forming
and enforcing laws and
ordinances that govern
society. The government’s
primary role is to
maintain order and
ECONOMY

• These are fundamental social

structures that encompass the
intricate systems and processes
governing the production,
distribution, and consumption
of goods and services. Its
impact on individuals and
communities is immense,
shaping their access to
 IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• It provides structure and governance in
our everyday life.
• It promotes values that are important for
social function.
• It limits the tendency of the human
person to commit a crime.
• It addresses biases and prejudices in the
society.
REFLECTION PAPER
A student must share their thoughts
regarding the
importance of being part of a group
in 1-2 pages A4-size
bond paper. The format is Times New
Roman or Arial,
Font Size 12, Double-spaced, and
Align Justify. Deadline is on February
3, 2025.
Criteria for Judging Excellent Good Fair Needs Practice
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Grammar The work shows an The work shows 1-2 The work shows 3-4 The work shows 5 or
(x5) excellent use of mistakes in grammar. mistakes in grammar. more mistakes in
grammar. grammar.

Instructions The work religiously The work has 1-2 The work has 3-4 The work has 5 or
(x5) abide by the said instances of non- instances of non- more instances of
instructions. compliance to the compliance to the non-compliance to the
said instructions. said instructions. said instructions.

Content The work answers the The work answers the The work answers the The work answers the
(x5) required questions required questions required questions required questions
excellently without excellently with 1-2 excellently with 3-4 excellently with 5 or
straying from the instances that it instances that it more instances that it
required content. strays from the strays from the strays from the
required content. required content. required content.
Legibility The work is written The work has 1-2 The work has 3-4 The work has 5 or
(x5) legibly. instances of not being instances of not being more instances of not
legible. legible. being legible.

Coherence The work has shown The work has shown The work has shown The work has shown
(x5) coherence excellently. coherence excellently. coherence somehow. no coherence.
very much.
QUIZ
 Multiple-choice: Write
the letter of the correct
answer on a yellow pad.
1.) This is where the
development of theory of
differentiation comes from.
A. Archeology
B. Embryology
C. Paleontology
D. All of the above.
2.) It is a theory that describes
the change of the structures of
society and culture that produces
a new system.
A. Differentiation Theory
B. Modernization Theory
C. Socio-cultural Evolution Theory
D. All of the above.
3.) This stage in world history
pinpoints the extinction of other
hominid species.
A. Hunter-gatherer Society
B. Agriculture, States, and Empires
C. Writing and Stratified
Civilizations
D. All of the above.
4.) Which of the following choices
shows the best examples of
primary groups?
A. Family
B. Friends
C. Relatives
D. All of the above.
5.) Which of the following choices
doesn’t belong to the secondary
group?
A. Business
B. Education
C. Family
D. None of the above.
 6.) Which of the following choices
shows the best example of
informal organizations?
A. Educators
B. Game Clubs
C. Physicians
D. All of the above.
7.) This is the term sociologists
use to describe the process by
which people learn their culture.
A. Assimilation
B. Enculturation
C. Socialization
D. All of the above.
8.) He is the proponent of
“Looking-glass Self Theory.”
A. Albert Bandura
B. Charles Cooley
C. Jean Piaget
D. None of the above.
9.) This agent of socialization
reinforces what parents taught
them.
A. Family
B. Peers
C. Schools
D. None of the above.
10.) These are fundamental social
structures that encompass the intricate
systems and processes governing the
production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services.
A. Economy
B. Education
C. Government
D. None of the above.
Write the correct answer
on the space provided
1.) Permanent Settlement: __________ -
Alphabets: Writing and Stratified
Civilizations
2.) Personal: Primary Groups- Impersonal:
________
3.) Friends: __________- Laws: Generalized
Others
4.) Id: Pleasure Side-______: Moralistic Side
5.) _______: Abstract Principles- Girls:
Personal Connections