TOOL DEVELOPMENT
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IN C#
A DIGITAL ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT PRESENTATION
C# syntax – hands on
CREATE FOLDER ‘Model’
Be sure to add to project, not solution!
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C# syntax – hands on
CREATE CLASS ‘Hero’ INSIDE Model FOLDER
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C# CLASS
BASICS
C# syntax
HEADERS & DESTRUCTORS
No Headers
C# doesn’t use header files
Why not?
.NET is compiled to an intermediate language,
the assemblies contain all the information
about the classes and methods in it
No Destructors
C# is managed,
therefore the Garbage Collector (GC) handles all (de)allocations
No need for a destructor
No need to use the -> operator, instead use the . operator
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(DOT) to access the members
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C# syntax
ACCESS SPECIFIERS
Because of the lack of headers, every class, method, field and
property must have an access specifier.
public Can be accessed from anywhere, same as C++
Can not be accessed from outside the class, same as
private C++
Default access specifier for fields and properties
Can not be accessed from outside the class,
protected
except by an inherited class, same as C++
Can only be accessed by classes in the same
internal namespace (ex. Library only)
Default access specifier for a class in C# programming .6
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PROPERTIES
MEMBER VARIABLES & EXPOSURE
C# syntax
MEMBER VARIABLES?
Convention: _lowerCamelCase
private
Initialized by default
Convention: UpperCamelCase
public
used to expose fields
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C# syntax
AUTO IMPLEMENTED PROPERTY
Convention: UpperCamelCase
public
auto generates (hidden) field
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C# syntrax
CONTROLLING INPUT / OUTPUT
auto implemented property:
full property:
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C# syntax
ACCESS A PROPERTY
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C# syntax
ACCESS A PROPERTY
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CONSTRUCTORS
PAREMETERS & CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
c# basics
CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
Hero hero = new Hero(“Billy“, 4);
println(hero.Health); //?
Hero myHero = new Hero(“Bob“,1, 13);
hero.MyNemises = “none! “; //not in ctor
Hero fastHero = new Hero(“Fast“,10)
{ MyNemises=“Bob“, Health=123 };
//object initializers:
//call existing constructor,
//add more properties between {},
//using name = value
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METHODS
REMEMBER: NO DESTRUCTOR
C# syntax
METHODS INHERITED FROM SYSTEM.OBJECT
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C# syntax - exercise
USING THE ‘Hero’ CLASS
Print the Name of a Hero class instance:
Print the whole object:
??
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C# syntax - exercise
PRINTING AN OBJECT
Every object inherits from (is a) System.Object
Inherits the ToString() function
This is automatically being called when printing an object
default: namespace.classname
override:
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WORKING WITH STRING TYPE
STRING TYPE IN C#
strings in c#
STRING CONCATENATION
using the + operator:
this creates a new string!!
reason: immutable (state of an object doesn’t change after creation)
!! Modifying/Building a lot of strings can cause performance issues !!
(Constant creation and Garbage collection)
using string interpolation (> C# 6 or higher):
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strings in c#
USING THE STRING TYPE
Check out StringBuilder
Check out the System.String MSDN documentation page
You can iterate over a string
Find a lot of helpful static methods:
string.Format(…)
string.IsNullOrEmpty(…)
string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(…)
…
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VALUE TYPES VS REFERENCE TYPES
WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, HOW
C# basics
OBJECT TYPES IN C#
C# has pointers,
but you’ll almost never use them (only in unsafe mode)
No need to use the -> operator,
instead we use the . operator (DOT) to access the members
Object types in C#:
Value Types
Structs, enumerations, numerical types, …
Reference Types
Classes, arrays, string, ....
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object types in C#
VALUE TYPES
• Holds the data in its own memory allocation
• Always passed by value
• (Pass by reference? Use the ‘ref’ keyword)
int wholeNumber 13
double myNumber 3.141
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object types in C#
REFERENCE TYPES
Store a reference to the data (Sort of Managed Pointers)
Always passed by reference in most cases
string > Immutable > reference is passed by value
Eg.: content += “, hi DAE“;
To pass a reference type by value,
create a ‘deep’ copy/clone
“Hello
world”
String content Hero object
Hero myHero
“Hello world, hi
DAE” .25
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C# object types
REFERENCE TYPES: CODE EXAMPLE
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C# object types
SO WHAT IF I WANT MY VALUE TYPE TO BE
NULL?
Value types can never be null (default values)
int wholeNumber 0
double myNumber 0.0
Solution: Nullable types
int? number = null;
int notNullable = number;
int notNullable = number ?? 0;
Nullable types: value or reference type??
value type;
struct with ‘HasValue’ boolean that indicates if there is a value
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C# CONVERSION AND PARSING
SWITCHING BETWEEN TYPES
c# conversion and parsing
STRING TO NUMBER
Static methods in very .NET numerical Type
Parse
string input = ...;
int nr = int.Parse(input);
double d = double.Parse(input);
no check for valid input wrong format = crash!
TryParse (No check, can crash if the string has a wrong format)
string input = ...;
int nr;
int.TryParse(input, out nr);
checks for valid input (returns boolean)
double d;
bool ok = double.TryParse(input, out d); .29
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c# conversion and parsing
WHAT ABOUT ‘CULTURAL’ DIFFERENCES?
Notation rules per region:
Belgian double 1,234 (comma)
English double 1.123 (point)
Think about dates!!
Small detail but it can break your application!!
Solution: CultureInfo
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c# conversion and parsing
CULTUREINFO
Provides information about a specific culture (aka Locale)
Notation Rules for different types (Numbers, Date, Time, …)
PARSING Rules for different types
Several .NET methods can take a CultureInfo object as arguments
Determines the cultural interpretation of the data
int.Parse(string, cultureInfo)
Default behavior = PC Locale Settings
Check & pick the correct CultureInfo for your data
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c# conversion and parsing
CULTUREINFO - CODE EXAMPLE
[Comma] is used as a decimal
separator in Dutch locale
[Point] is not used as a
numerical separator in Dutch
locale
[Comma] is used as a
thousands separator in English
locale
[Point] is used as a decimal
separator in English locale
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CultureInfo Codes: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb896001.aspx
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c# conversion and parsing
CULTUREINFO – ONE THAT FITS ALL?
Easiest Solution > CultureInfo.InvariantCulture (Culture – Insensitive)
For background IO operations,
not for UI purposes
CultureInfo.Invariant
Associated with the English language not with any country/region
Commonly used for internal IO/Parsing/Conversion operations
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