9 IGCSE
Chemistry
Week 4
Lesson 1
Lesson Objective
designand suggest suitable purification
techniques, given information about the
substances involved.
describe and explain different methods of
purification.
Recap
1. Sugar cannot be separated from sugar solution by evaporation
to dryness because sugar will
A catch fire and burn.
B sublime on heating.
C form a lump on heating.
D char and decompose on heating.
2. Which of the following methods is most suitable for obtaining a
pure, dry sample of sodium chloride from a mixture of solid sodium
chloride and sand?
A Shake the mixture with water, filter and dry the residue on the
filter paper.
B Shake the mixture with water, filter and evaporate the filtrate.
C Heat the mixture gently and collect the substance which
sublimes.
Simple distillation
to obtain the solvent from a
solution.
A conical flask is
preferred as the receiving
flask instead of a beaker
because its narrow neck
can reduce the loss of
distillate from splashing
out of the flask.
Where does the water enter and leave
the condenser?
Cold running water enters
Wate from
r
leave the bottom of the condenser
s and leaves from the top.
This ensures a permanent
cold surface to condense the
vapor effectively before the
Water
vapor leaves the condenser.
enter
s
Around 97% of the water on Earth is seawater.
Obtaining Pure Water from
Seawater: Desalination
by distillation of seawater
disadvantage:
expensive method because oil is the main
fuel used to heat the water in the
distillation process, and a lot of oil is
required, which makes the process very
costly
Fractional
distillation
toseparate a mixture of liquids from each
other.
It makes use of their different boiling points.
You could use it to separate a mixture of
ethanol and water, for example.
Check your
understanding
…………….is used for separating out a liquid from
a solution
The solution is heated.
The …………….evaporates
The vapour passes through the condenser
where it is ……………, ………… and ………….. in the
flask
Check your
understanding
Simple distillation is used for separating out a
liquid from a solution
The solution is heated.
The solvent(liquid) evaporates
The vapour passes through the condenser
where it is cooled, condenses and collected in
the flask
How does the temperature change as a
solution of ethanol and water undergoes
fractional distillation?
How does the temperature change as a
solution of ethanol and water undergoes
fractional distillation?
How does the temperature change as a
solution of ethanol and water undergoes
fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation in
industry
Fractional distillation is very important in
industry. It is used:
In the petroleum industry, to refine crude oil
into petrol and other groups of compounds.
In producing ethanol.
To separate the gases in air.
Fractional distillation
Check your understanding
1 Heat the mixture in the flask.
2 The liquid with ……………evaporates and rises up the
fractionating column.
3. However the liquid with higher boiling point also evaporates
and its vapours enters the fractionating column.
4. The liquid with ……………condenses and drips back into the
flask whereas the liquid with ……………….passes through the
fractionating column into the condenser.
5. There it condenses. Pure liquid collected into the collecting
flask.
6. The temperature remains ……………. when one liquid is
distilling over.
Fractional distillation
Check your understanding
1 Heat the mixture in the flask.
2 The liquid with lower boiling point evaporates and rises up
the fractionating column.
3. However the liquid with higher boiling point also evaporates
and its vapours enters the fractionating column.
4. The liquid with higher boiling point condenses and drips
back into the flask whereas the liquid with lower boiling point
passes through the fractionating column into the condenser.
5. There it condenses. Pure liquid drips into the collecting
flask.
6. The temperature remains constant when one liquid is
distilling over.
Summary of simple distillation and
Fractional Distillation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQlnHr9g6Io
Separation techniques- By use of
separating funnel
Oil
and water do not
mix. They are
IMMISCIBLE.
Liquidsthat do mix like
water and ethanol are
said to be MISCIBLE.
Use of separating
funnel
1. Pour the mixture
into the separating
funnel, ensuring
the tap is closed
Use of separating
funnel
2. support the
separating
funnel
with a retort
stand, placing
a clean beaker
below it
Use of separating
funnel
3. allow some time for the
liquids to separate
completely
4. open the tap to allow the
denser liquid at the bottom
to
drain into the beaker
* close the tap before the
liquid in the top layer runs
out!
Use of separating
funnel
5. place another beaker
below the separating
funnel and allow a little of
the liquid in the top layer
into it
• dispose this liquid
collected
The mixture is separated!
Thank You
