Dental Lining

Materials
Joseline Babirye
History
• The first soft denture lining material was natural
rubber, used in 1869 by Twichell.
• In 1945, Mathews introduced polyvinyl chloride as a
synthetic soft lining material.
• In 1958, silicones were introduced as a soft denture
lining material.
Types of denture liners
• It is, occasionally, necessary to apply a very soft material to
the fitting surface of a denture in order to act as a ‘cushion’
which will enable traumatized soft tissues to recover before
recording an impression for a new denture.
• Some patients are unable to tolerate a ‘hard’ denture base
and must be provided with a ‘permanent’ soft cushion on the
fitting surface of the denture.
• There are three main types:
I. Hard reline materials
II. Tissue conditioners
III. Soft lining materials
1. Hard reline materials
• These are used to provide a chairside reline to the
denture.
• There’s type 1 and 2.
• Both type 1 and type 2 materials may be classified as
autopolymerizing resins and will readily polymerise at
room temperature or mouth temperature.
Composition
Manipulation
• Grind away some of the hard
surface of acrylic base.
• Powder and liquid are mixed.
• Applied over the fitting surface
of the acrylic base.
• It is then seated into the
patient’s mouth.
• Closed mouth technique is
used.
• It is not allowed to remain in
the patient’s mouth
throughout setting.
Properties
• Direct contact with oral tissues is a disadvantage.
• Methyl methacrylate in the monomer may cause
allergic reaction
• Both types have low values of glass transition
temperature (Tg)
• They may become porus due to air entrapment during
mixing
• Operator has little control over thickness of the
material.
2. Tissue conditioners
• They are soft denture liners which may be applied to
the fitting surface of a denture.
• They provide a temporary cushion which prevents
masticatory loads from being transferred to the
underlying hard and soft tissues.
• These materials should undergo a degree of plastic
flow for 24–36 hours after mixing.
• Rapid (dynamic) loading-
sudden force e.g chewing
or biting
• Slow (Quasi-Static)
loading- gradual
sustained pressure e.g
continuous denture
wearing.
Applications
• Applied to dentures of the
patients undergone
surgery.
• Useful when a tooth or
teeth are being added to
a denture as an
immediate procedure.
• Functional impression
material
Composition
• The powder may be
pigmented or non
pigmented.
• The plasticizer controls
the softness and elasticity
of the set material.
• Alcohol content is
between 7.5% - 40%
Properties
• Initially very soft and visoelastic
• Undergo permanent deformation under even a small load
• It does not remain permanently soft
• Time taken for the materials to become so hard that they
no longer give adequate cushioning varies from a few
days to a week or two.
• Conditioner should be replaced after 2-3 days till the
tissue has healed properly.
• Non-irritant due to the absence of acrylic monomers from
the liquid component.
3. Soft lining materials
There are two main types
• Temporary soft lining materials
• Permanent soft lining materials
 Temporary soft lining materials
• These materials are very similar to
the tissue conditioners
• They retain their softness for longer
time taking up to a month or two to
harden.
• Like the tissue conditioners, they
are viscoelastic in nature and give a
cushioning effect under dynamic
conditions of loading.
• Care should be exercised when
selecting a denture cleanser to use.
The oxygenating-type cleansers, in
particular, cause surface
degradation and pitting of the
materials.
Permanent soft lining materials
• Most commonly used for patients who cannot tolerate a
hard base.
• This problem generally arises if the patient has an
irregular mandibular alveolar ridge covered by a thin
and relatively non-resilient mucosa.
Requirements
• Permanently soft, ideally for the lifetime of the
denture.
• Elastic in order to give a cushioning
• Adhere to the denture base.
• Non-toxic, non-irritant and incapable of sustaining the
growth of harmful bacteria or fungi.
Available materials
• The silicones have good • The acrylic materials, are
elastic properties and viscoelastic and gradually
retain their shape after become distorted.
setting despite being • There is a tendency for
subjected to masticatory the materials to ‘flow
loading. away’ from areas of
greatest stress causing
the cushioning effect to
be lost.
• The heat curing acrylic materials are processed in the
laboratory and are normally applied to a new denture
at the time of production. They are supplied as a
powder and liquid
Polyphosphazine
• Its supplied in sheet form
• It polymerizes by heat curing
• Recommended curing is either at 74ºC for 8 hours or
74ºC for 21/2 hours, followed by 100ºC for 30 minutes.
Applications
• Used in place of tissue conditioners in cases where it is
not practicable to replace the conditioner every 2–3
days.
• Temporarily improving the fit of an ill-fitting denture
until such a time as a new denture can be constructed.
References
• Applied Dental Materials 9th edition by John F McCabe
and Angus W.G Walls
• Introduction to dental materials 4th edition by Richard
van Noort