FACILITY PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

Design and
Planning
Design Consideration
1. Attractive appearance
2. Efficient plan
3. Location
4. Suitable material
5. Workmanship
6. Sound financing
7. Competent Management
Description:-
[Link] all appearance- very imp. Consideration, should be attractive, reflect the architecture of
that area (durbar square), have character of the services being provided in that hotel.
[Link] and appeal to the eye. All the services should meet various principles of layout and
design.
[Link] location of the Hotel guides the design. e.g. Hotel nearby airport or railway
station, the reception will be designed in such a way that it could handle large number of
guests at one time because there is a possibility of guest checking in large groups and around
the clock. Similarly, Hotel at hill stations, beaches, in heart of the cities and metros will be
designed differently.
[Link] to be able to use material locally available, cost effective and efficient.
[Link] workmanship and designer should take advantage of local expertise. efficient but
also economical.
[Link]- very imp factor. availability of ready funds and management of finance is a crucial
factor and it should be considered very carefully in Hotel Design.
7.(necessary ability, skill or knowledge) The design of a Hotel will depend upon the quality of
management available to operate the establishment. If we have the quality management and
manpower only then Hotel should be designed for sophisticated equipment and high tech
gadgets. These are some of the consideration, which affect the design of hotel
Landscaping
and ground
Landscaping
The development of outdoor
space to provide various
amenities – privacy, comfort,
beauty and ease of maintenance.
Element used in
Landscaping
Living Elements: Flora or fauna,
gardening, the art and craft of growing
plants with a goal of creating a beautiful
environment within the landscape
Natural Elements: landforms, terrain
shape and elevation, bodies of water
Human Elements: structures, buildings,
fences, other material created/installed
by human
Abstract Elements: weather and lighting
conditions
Soft Landscaping
To describe the vegetation(plant)
material like aquatic plants, semi-
aquatic plants, field layer plants
(grasses and herbaceous plant),
shrubs and trees.
Hard Landscaping
To describe the construction material
like brick, gravel, rock or stone,
concrete, timber, bitumen, glass,
metal etc.
Also describes outdoor furniture and
other landscape product
Consideration
• Location, types of driveways and
entrance
• The first or principal view guests see
• Drainage condition
• Existing trees
• Underground and overhead utility lines
• Recreational facilities
• Direction of sun and wind
• Watering facilities
Purpose of Landscaping
• Create and aesthetically pleasing environment.
• Reduce noise.
• Help structures blend with terrain.
• Screen unsightly sights.
• Provide privacy.
• Reduce pollution and conserve natural
resources.
• Control people and vehicles.
• Reduce damage and injury.
• Create places for recreation.
• Increase property value
• Create pride in homes, community, etc
Objective
• Environmental aspect
• Social aspect
• Aesthetic aspect
• Economical aspect
Environment- (environmental restoration as in environmental
remediation) Greenery, fresh air, water restoration,
humidity/moisture.

Social – provide different kind of space for different activities

(swimming pool- recreation, pathways- jogging, yoga and
meditation spaces, outdoor dining/bar- parties, gathering, eating
spaces, playing space for kids

Aesthetic –pleasant view,comfort/relaxing/calming/enjoyable

environment

Economy – increase the revenue, guest,

Activities
Activities
Parking
Parking
• Safe and secure parking facility for the vehicles is a fundamental right of all
visitors.
• Most of the hotels are unable to provide sufficient parking space for their
guests.
• Planning of parking totally depends on the availability of the space, size,
configuration and contours of a site.
Types of Parking
According to service:
• Self-parking
Driver parks and retrieves his/her own car
• Attended Parking (Valet Parking)
Car is left at the entrance by the driver and an attendant
then parks the car. When driver returns attendant retrieves
the car and transfers it to the driver at the exit.
• Automated parking
A mechanical system designed to minimize the area
required for parking cars. An automated parking system will
transport vehicle to and from parking spaces.
Types of Parking
1. On street parking
- vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself
- usually controlled by government agencies

2. Off street Parking

- vehicles are parked off the street itself
- usually controlled by commercial agencies itself
Off street parking
- Surface parking
- Multistoried parking
- Roof parking
- Mechanical parking
- Underground parking
Surface parking
Multistoried parking
Roof parking
Mechanical parking
Underground parking
Parking Space requirement according to Hotel standard

Hotel Category Government of Nepal IS

5 and 4 star Hotels 25% of no. of guest room One space for every 4 guest
rooms
3 star Hotels 20 vehicle One space for every 8 guest
rooms
2 star Hotels 10 vehicle One space for every 10 guest
rooms
1 star Hotels 5 vehicle

Thumb rule 1000Sqft is sufficient for parking three cars in suburban area and 900sqft in urban
area.
General planning and design Parking
• Aesthetically pleasing and functional parking areas that fulfill the needs and requirements
of the users should be the primary goal
• To most people, the ideal parking space is a few steps from their home or office door
• The designer must look at a number of concerns to logically, efficiently, and economically
site parking areas
General planning and design Parking
Some common parking area planning and design guidelines are:
• Use 36 square meters per vehicle (includes entry, circulation, and parking spaces) as a
typical planning and cost estimating factor
• Locate separate visitor and reserved parking at the front entry of the facility
• Eliminate dead-end parking areas
• Locate entrances and exits away from busy intersections
• Locate aisles and rows of parking parallel to the long dimension of the site with parking on
each side of an aisle
• Use rectangular parking areas to minimize land area requirement.
General planning and design Parking
Geometry
• Parking areas take on many configurations.
• Parking spaces may be parallel, perpendicular, or angled (30, 45, or 60 degree) to the
driving lane, or aisle.
• The area required by each parking configuration will vary.
• As a general rule of thumb, the closer to perpendicular, the more vehicles can be parked
per meter. Perpendicular, or 90 degree parking, accommodates 82 vehicles per 100 meters
versus just less than 40 vehicles for 30 degree.
General planning and design Parking
Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the various parking configuration
1. Parallel
• For the designer, the parallel parking configuration can be used where suitable off-street
parking cannot be accommodated or is not practical.
• For the driver, parallel parking requires experience, confidence, and patience.
• Parking spaces should be a minimum of 7.5 meters long and at least 2.75 meters wide. On-
street parallel parking spaces should be 3.35 meters wide.
General planning and design Parking
• Advantages
Works well in extremely narrow, linear spaces
Requires minimum pavement area

• Disadvantage
Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic
Inefficient use of on-street space
General planning and design Parking
Perpendicular
• effective in long term parking areas
• the most efficient and economical since it accommodates the most vehicles per linear meter.
Advantages
• Works well with either one- or two-way aisles
• Handles the most vehicles per square meter of pavement
• Handles most vehicles per linear meter
Disadvantages
• Requires widest area
• Difficult maneuvering for some drivers
• Two-way traffic can create some visibility problems
General planning and design Parking
Angled - 60 Degree
• ideal for a fast turnover rate or predominantly short term use.
Advantages
• Easy maneuvering in and out of parking spaces.
• Good visibility.
• Most common short term parking configuration.
Disadvantages
• Requires more pavement per vehicle than perpendicular configuration.
• Handles less vehicles per linear meter.
General planning and design Parking
User walking distance
• Long term users-employees, will generally accept longer walking distances from parking area
• Short term users -customers or visitors expect shorter walking distances. Not more than 75 m
Grading and drainage.
• Parking areas must be properly sloped and drained to take care of runoff.
Apply the following minimums:
Ideal slope for all parking area pavements is 2%
Longitudinal pavement slope should be between 1%-5%
Pavement cross slope should be between 1%-10%
Storm water should be collected on the perimeter of parking areas with a minimum of 2% slope
along gutter
If you are planner, what points would you consider while designing
1) Landscaping
2) Parking in hotel. Give your opinion. Question to solve

1. Garage Entrance: Locate the entrance so that it is readily accessible to the guest drop-off
area
2. Hotel Access: Provide a secure and convenient interior route usually and elevator, from the
garage to the hotel lobby.
3. Safety and security: Design the garage to be visually open, with wide aisles; provide
security cameras to scan area.
4. Guest Comfort: Increasing Lighting levels, raising ceiling height, painting surfaces light
colors, providing art, murals or music
5. Signage: Provide clear signage, both for drivers (to enter and exit) and pedestrians (to
lobby or street)
Typical plan of parking area
Different parking spaces (in Hotel) - Visitors/ guest ,
staff, VIP
Parking space according to the time - Long term,
short term
- Some restricted parking areas includes handicap
spaces, carpool spaces(taxi, hotel taxi/ vehicle),
loading zones, service vehicle zones, timed areas
Flow Diagram of a hotel
Try once?
Flooring and
furnishing
Some key definitions
Plinth Area
• Build up covered area of a building area measured at floor level of any storey.
• Calculated by external dimensions of the building at the floor level excluding plinth offsets
if any, and courtyard, open area, balcony and cantilever projections
Floor Area
• the total area of the floor in between walls and consist of the floor and all rooms,
verandah, passage, corridors, staircases, entrance hall, kitchen, store, bath and WC.
Floor area = Plinth area – area occupied by walls
Floor Area Ratio (FAR):
• Ratio of total covered area (plinth area) and area of the plot.
FAR=total covered area of all floors/Plot area
Some key definitions
Carpet Area
• useful area, the total floor area minus circulation area, verandah, corridors, passages,
staircase, lift, entrance halls, etc. and other non-useable area.
Carpet area should be floor are excluding:
• Sanitary accommodation, verandah, corridor, and passages
• Kitchen, pantries, entrance halls, porches stores
• Canteens, ac ducts and plant room
Circulation area:
• Area of verandahs, passages, corridor, balconies, entrance hall, porches and staircases used
for movement of people in building. Can be divided into two parts:
• Horizontal area is are of verandah, passages, corridor, balconies, porch, etc.
• Vertical area is area occupied by staircases, lifts and entrance hall adjacent to them, which
Flooring
• a permanent covering of a floor, or any finish material applied over a floor structure to
provide a walking surface.
• Materials almost always classified as flooring include carpet, laminate, tile and vinyl
• The floor under the flooring is called the subfloor, which provides the support for the
flooring.
• The choice of flooring materials is affected by factors cost, endurance, noise insulation,
comfort, cleaning effort.
Carpeting
• soft floor covering made of bound carpet fibers or stapled fibers.
• used extensively in hotels and institutional establishment
• The type of carpet selected will depend upon the suitability and traffic in the area.
• used in bedrooms, lounges, TV rooms, restaurants, office and corridors.
• A good quality carpet should be able to withstand spillages, cigarette ash and grit.
• They must also be resilient to heavy furniture
• typically used indoors and can be used in both high and low traffic areas.
• Typically lasts for 15-18 years before it need to be replaced.
The quality of a carpet is usually measured in face weight (weight/area)
The higher the face weight the more luxurious a carpet will feel
Carpets come in a variety of natural or synthetic materials including wool, hemp, jute,
Wood flooring
• Many different species of wood are fabricated into wood flooring in two primary forms:
plank and parquet
• Hardwoods are typically much more durable than softwoods
Engineered hardwood
• a thin solid wood layer on top with a composite core
• a less expensive option than buying hardwood but cannot be sanded and refinished
• installed with a click-lock method
Bamboo flooring
• floor manufactured from the bamboo plant and is a type of hardwood flooring, though
technically not a wood
• known to be durable and environmentally friendly
• available in many different patterns, colors, and textures.
Wood flooring
Cork flooring
• flooring material manufactured from the by-product of the cork oak tree
• considered to be eco-friendly since the cork oak tree bark is stripped every nine to ten
years and doesn't damage the tree.
• comes in both tiles and planks, and can have glue or glues-less installation.
Laminate
• a floor covering that appears similar to hardwood but is made with a plywood or medium
density fiberboard ("MDF") core with a plastic laminate top layer
• HDF laminate consists of high density fiberboard topped by one or more layers of
decorative paper and a transparent protective layer
• Laminate may be more durable than hardwood, but cannot be refinished like hardwood
• Laminate flooring is available in many different patterns which can resemble different
woods or even ceramic tile.
• It usually locks or taps together.
• Underlayment is required for laminate flooring to provide moisture and noise control.
Hard flooring
• a family of flooring materials that includes concrete or cement, ceramic tile, glass tiles, and
natural stone products.
• Ceramic tile - clay products which are formed into thin tiles and fired. Varieties of ceramic
tiles include quarry tile, porcelain, and terracotta.
• Stone flooring is uses a similar installation method to ceramic tile.
• Slate and marble- stone flooring that requires polishing and sealing.
• Terrazzo (Stone aggregates)- can also be used instead of raw cut stone
• Porcelain stoneware can be used instead of natural stone. It’s a ceramic material like a tile
• Concrete or cement finished floor - used for its ability to be treated for different feel and its
durability, such as polished concrete. Epoxy resurfacing of concrete flooring is used to
update or upgrade concrete floor surfaces in commercial and residential applications.
Resilient flooring
• made of materials that have some elasticity, giving the flooring a degree of flexibility
called resilience
• Resilient flooring includes many different manufactured products including linoleum,
sheet vinyl, vinyl composition tile (VCT), cork (sheet or tile), and rubber.
• Performance surfaces used for dance or athletics are usually made of wood or resilient
flooring.
• PVC and polypropylene are becoming more popular in specialty applications such as trailer
flooring and garage flooring.
Seamless chemical flooring
• Many different seamless flooring materials are available such as - latex, polyester,
urethane or epoxy compounds which are applied in liquid form to provide a completely
seamless floor covering.
• These are usually found in wet areas such as laboratories or food processing plants.
Furnishing
Hard furnishing
• Furniture should be planned well to follow hotel design in order to feel united.
• The most important thing is that hotel furniture must anticipate and accommodate hotel
guest needs.
• A hotel facility includes bedroom, swimming pool, bar, fitness center and others. In every
existing facilities at the hotel is closely associated with furnishing especially hotel
furniture.
• First-class hotel furniture should have the best characteristics for furniture that can be
used for a long time.
Furnishing
Points to be considered in choosing furniture
• Function: Hotel furniture must optimally function to make hotel guests feel comfortable
and sincere in the hotel.
• Style: Hotel furniture style usually adjusted with hotel design. Style hotel furniture
includes contemporary, classic, casual, tropical, Asian, American and others.
• Comfort: comfort is important in order to make guests feel comfortable. All the furniture
should also be comfortable and aesthetically pleasing. Cleanliness of the furniture should
also be checked regularly
• Quality: quality material, properly produced, great in finishing makes quality furniture
which will last for many years and less maintenance that will not affect hotel monthly
budget much.
Furnishing
Hotel Room Furniture
Headboard
TV Furniture: one of the hotel room furniture that cannot be left out in the room.
Luggage Rack: to put a suitcase or luggage for easy to grasp.
Nightstand: serve as a barrier between two mattresses and also used to put small items such
as phone or car keys nearby so that it is easy to pick it up.
Dressing table and chair
Love seat and coffee table: addition furniture where Love seat or two seater sofa are placed
against the window with coffee table in front of it.
Wardrobe
Mini Bar Furniture: must placed furniture (not to mention for low rated hotel). Guests can
store food, beverages or even medications that must be stored in cold temperature.
Furnishing
Soft Furnishings
• include fibres that are used for curtains, loose covers, cushions, bedspreads and quilts.
• contribute greatly to the appearance of the room by bringing to its colour, pattern and
texture.
• Some articles in addition provide warmth and comfort.
• Each article is subjected to variable amount of wear and tear.
Guestroom
Design and
Planning
Guest room (Important)
- is the space which influence guest the most as they
are likely to spend the greatest amount of their time
- Instead of studying to add features, more often
analyze the elements to eliminate
- test every individual piece that add value to the
guestroom and to the guest experience
- Major planning goal – maximize the amount of
saleable guestroom space and minimize the
circulation and supporting areas.
Guestroom Floor Planning
- must be designated no. of guestroom
- Guestroom and service elevator should be conveniently located
- Stairways must be meet the building code
- Adequate(enough) linen storage should be provided
- Small electrical and telephone equipment closets are usually
necessary
Guestroom Floor
Configuration
1. Double loaded slab
- Most common configuration/ most efficient where rooms are laid
out on the both sides of a central corridor
- About 70% of the gross floor area devoted to guestroom
- Has minimum corridor space per guestroom
- Back to back bathrooms and many options for elevator and
stairway placement
- low-rise hotels with one to three stories typically use a design with
guestrooms on both sides of a corridor
Guestroom Floor Configuration
2. Tower Plan
- Rooms are grouped around the central vertical core
- The most compact with guest room facing outside
- About 65% of the gross floor area devoted to guestroom
3. Atrium Plan
- rooms with a single loaded corridor encircling a
multistory lobby space
- The least efficient, with single loaded corridor overlooking
the lobby
- About 60% of the gross floor area devoted to guestroom
Basic Design criteria
1. Bed- Determine the exact room mix for the hotel, provide adequate spacing including bedside
table and adequate lighting, consider TV viewing angle
2. Work area – Provide a desk or worktable, consider chair height and comfort and provide a
phone and adequate lighting
3. Lounge area- Provide a soft seating group, consider comfort, lighting, tables, TV viewing angle,
and adequate space for folding sofa, assess need for mini bar
4. Clothes storage/dressing area- Determine requirement for drawer space, the size of the closet
and luggage storage need, provide full length mirror
5. Bathroom – select bathroom fixtures and accessories consider light, counter space,
ventilation, and finishes
6. Décor- Evaluate furniture, fixture and equipment(FF&E)- carpet, wall covering, sheer and black
out drapes, bedspreads
7. Other- screen views into guestroom from corridor, provide a separate dressing area, assess the
Planning of the guest room
- is one of the greatest challenges in hotel design
- 65 and 85 percent of the total floor area
- Maximize the amount of saleable guestroom space
- minimize the horizontal circulation, and necessary support
area.
- chief goal for hotel planners is to find an efficient floor plan for
guest rooms
Planning of the guest room
- Guest-room planning comprises several important architectural objectives
- The architect should select a particular plan configuration and orient the
building to
1. enhance the appearance and visibility of the structure,
2. reduce energy costs
3. accommodate possible future expansion
( In case of high lodging demand or owner wants to add room there should be
the provision by extending the guest-room wings, adding additional floors, or
building a new structure.)
 Click icon to add picture
Lobby Design
and Planning
Lobby
- The most prominent (important) of the hotel’s space
- One of the key planning objective is to cluster the public facilities like-
restaurant, lounges, function rooms, front desk, guest elevator and so forth
around the lobby (to ensure that hotel guest can find the various facilities
with minimum difficulties)
- when a guest linger (spent long time) in it, it serves as an informal gathering
space
- Also functions as a control point, which the staff visually oversees access
through the building
Lobby design and planning criteria
1. Entrances: consider additional exterior entrances for the main lobby, banquet facilities,
restaurants, health club, or other high traffic areas
2. Front Desk Location: Locate the desk so that it is immediately visible to the entering
hotel guest and so that desk personnel can visually oversee access to the passenger
elevators.
3. Office access: Provide entrances to the front office, safe deposit area, executive offices,
and sales and catering offices.
4. Guest elevators: locate elevators close to the front desk and the main entrance and
provide sufficient elevator lobby space for handling luggage.
Lobby design and planning criteria
5. Seating area: provide a seating area near the desk and entrance including some private
seating groups, locate additional seating contiguous with the lobby bar.
6. Circulation: establish clear paths to the front desk, elevators, restaurants and bars,
meeting and banquet area; where possible, separate hotel guest traffic from convention-
oriented visitors.
7. Retails areas: provide lease space convenient to the guest circulation areas or with
exterior frontage.
8. Bellman/Luggage: Position bellman station near the front desk, elevators, and front
entrance; locate luggage storage nearby.
9. Support Functions: locate such accessory functions as toilets, coats, house phones,
public phones, meeting director, and assistant manager’s desk conveniently in relation to
other areas.
Lobby Planning Checklist
Front desk area
Stations for registration, cashier, information
Assistant manager’s desk
Bellman station, luggage cart storage
Luggage storage
House and pay phones

Seating area
Seating capacity and type
Food or beverage service
Water feature or other focus
Lobby Planning Checklist
Circulation
Access to public elevators
Access to restaurants and lounges
Access to function rooms
Access to recreation facilities
Access to retail shops and other public area
Access to parking garage

Retail area
Sundries shop (newsstand, toiletries, souvenirs)
Travel services (city tours, airlines, rental cars)
Clothing (men, women, specially shops)
Gifts (jeweler, florist, toy, books)
Other service (bank, copy center)
Lobby design and planning
Size of desk: Provide individual work stations each 6ft (1.8m) long for registration and
cashier; assume two stations for 150 rooms, one more for each additional 100 rooms.
Queuing space: Provide sufficient space in front of the desk for guests to line up; for
convention hotels provide at least 20ft (6.1m) clear of circulation.
Assistant manager’s desk: if required, provide a desk, seating and storage near the front
desk for concierge or assistant manager; consider making the desk a major decorative
feature within the lobby.
Bellman station: provide a bellman station near the front desk and main entrance.
Lobby design and planning
Luggage storage: provide a lockable storage area adjoining the bellman station with
shelving for checked luggage; provide direct access to the curb.
Telephones: include house phones close to the front desk and public phone convenient to
the lobby, approximately 1 per 100 rooms.
Furniture and fixtures: establish ambience of lobby area by providing special millwork
detailing and finishes, front desk, bellman station, assistant manager’s desk and
furnishings(lounge seating, decorative fighting, artwork) to establish the image of the
hotel.;
 Click icon to add picture
Kitchen and Restaurant
design and Planning
Kitchen
Points to be considered while designing a kitchen
• Should be adjacent to the service area.

• Corner location makes it convenient for receiving supplies and removal of garbage.
• Should be situated over the ground to avoid flooding, drainage blockage/backflow. Should
not be in basement areas where humidity, heat of kitchen render it prone to dampness,
insect and pest infestation.
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
1. Drainage:
• Efficiency of the drainage system determines the hygiene and sanitation of kitchen
environment to a large extent.
• Fat and grease get collected in drains restrict flow of water – all kitchens should be fitted
with grease traps on all drainage inlets to prevent backflow or blockage.
• Taking care on this during layout planning can prevent unnecessary recurring expenses
during operation.
• Drain pipe should be 10 to 15 cm. in diameter.
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
Electricity and Gas Connections:
• Electric and gas points to be provided in a kitchen must be in confrontation with the plan
of the equipment and also for the future plan
• Depending on the size of the catering units, the requirement of power and light points
may vary
• For large kitchens it is safer and economical to have a pipeline gas supply with meter,
avoiding changing of gas cylinders in between. Gadgets are available which indicates the
quantity of fuel in each cylinders, helps the changing pattern
• It is wise to make provision for more than one type of fuel in the kitchen to cope with
failure and shortages.
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
Water Supply:
• Provision for both hot and cold running water is necessary – this has to be made at the
structural stage. (Smaller kitchens may have water heater above sink unit may be enough)
Floors :
• Should be smooth, but not slippery, hard wearing, free from joints, not easily damaged by
spillage, easy to clean, preferably in dark plain color with appearance and durability factor
Walls:
• Hard plaster with emulsion, gloss paint, plastic finish, tiles whatever may be the material,
the walls should be smooth, easy to clean, and impervious to moisture.
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
Ceilings:
• Ceiling finish should be heat resistant.
• A plaster finish is most suitable, though it requires frequent redoing.
• While choosing finishing for walls and ceilings one must remember that dark colors
reduce the level of illumination and affect visibility in kitchens.
Work Surface
• All work surfaces should be hard-wearing, smooth, and impervious.
• Stainless steel is by far the best among work surfaces in the kitchens, though the initial
cost is higher.
• Marble though expensive is ideal as a work surface for food preparation work, because of
its hardwearing and hygienic qualities, and beauty.
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
Lighting:
• It should be designed to give the best possible illumination.
• Apart from overall lightings, fittings need to fix directly above work tables and food
preparation areas.
• Recommended illumination for performing a task is 500 fluxes.
• The lights should be mounted at height not less than 2.4 meters from the floor and the
fittings not more than 2.2 meters apart.
• Note:-
(Luminous flux is a measure of the power of visible light produced by a light source
or light fitting).
Feature to be considered while designing a Kitchen
Ventilation:
• In kitchen it is very important to prevent the process of condensation which leads to
formation of moulds and bacteria resulting in contamination of food.
• Proper ventilation is not only important for a fresh and comfortable environment, but
vital to the preparation and provisions of safe and healthy food.
• Modes of ventilation: There are two types of mode, e.g., Windows and Ventilator hoods.
Ventilation plays an important role in kitchen especially where fumes are generated.
 Click icon to add picture

Exterior
Exterior design
Exterior elements of the building
• Roof
• Exterior walls(including door and windows)
• structural frame (beam+ pillar)
• foundation
- Various part of the building must work together, if any one part is neglected, it can have
adverse effect on the others
- Function of the building are to provide the usable space and shelter people, equipment,
fixtures and furnishing from the weather.
Roof
- Critically important part of the building
- Primary purpose- to keep water from penetrating below the roof material
- Often ignored until it leaks (if water gain access to the building through the roof system.
Great damage can result, first to the roof and later to the structural element)
• Interior finishes are also quickly destroyed by roof leaks (eg- new paint job is ruined by
few minutes leakage)
• Life expectancy of roof depends upon the quality of the construction material, the skills
of the builders, and the effectiveness of the preventive maintenance
Roof (Basic structure)
- Composed of a deck and a covering
- Deck is the structural material the covering is placed upon, usually made of wood, metal
and concrete
- Roof system is the combination all the component of the roof that act together to
create a weather and climate barrier for the building
- Common types of roof material- asphalt, fiberglass, shingles and roll roofing, split wood
shakes, sawn wood shingles, clay and concrete tile, steel and aluminum and various
types of built-up and single ply material
- In addition, many roofing system include insulation as part of the roof system which also
plays a key role in controlling energy usage of the building
Exterior Walls
• Two basic function :
1. To enclose the usable parts of the building
2. To provide support for higher floor and roof system
• Built to provide protection against the weather and to support the building
• Constructed of various material like – timber, concrete and steel
• Wall can be classified as bearing (supporting) and non-bearing (depending on whether
they support other building elements or only themselves)
• Preventive Maintenance – Includes Painting, cleaning and inspection
Windows and doors
• Openings are made through a building’s exterior walls for windows and door
• Need sealants around their edges to keep moisture out and weather-stripped to
prevent heat loss or gain
Windows and doors
• Door may be wooden or metallic, solid or hollow and some doors are mostly glass such
as revolving doors
• Revolving doors - they don’t get the wear regular doors receive from constantly being
opened and closed as they reduce the amount of outside air that gets into the building.
• Fire safely codes may stipulate that a regular door be installed next to a revolving door
as an emergency exits
Structural Frame
• Skeleton that provides support for the entire building
• Failure in the structural frame leads problem to the entire building
• Typical construction material used in structural frame includes – steel, concrete and
ordinary or heavy timber.
Foundation
• Traditionally constructed of stone or concrete and rest on a solid, underground footing
base
• If firm foundation material is not available at a reasonable depth, it may be necessary to
go deeper by using piles
• Designed to carry the various loads of the building: dead load (weight of building), live
load (weight of people, furniture, equipment) and load and stresses imposed by
nature(wind, rain, snow, earthquake)
• Foundation walls also serves as basement wall. In this case it take on the added load
caused by lateral pressure from the soil
• Foundation walls serving basement wall be waterproofed