Department of BES-II

FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT & SENSORS

23SC1209
Topic:
INTRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Session - 1
 AIM OF THE SESSION

The aim of basic Internet of Things (IoT) is to enable everyday objects and devices to connect and communicate
with each other via the internet.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

This Session is designed to:

1. Define the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its key components.
2. Explain how data is collected, transmitted, and processed in an IoT system.
3. Describe the benefits and challenges of implementing IoT in different industries.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Identify the protocols and communication technologies used in IoT.
2. Summarize how data is collected, transmitted, and processed in an IoT system.
3. Apply IoT concepts to design a simple IoT project using appropriate sensors and devices.
4. Demonstrate the ability to configure and troubleshoot network connections for IoT devices.
INTRODUCTION

• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network

of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other technologies.

• IOT is a system of inter related devices connected

to the internet, transfer/receive data from one
system to another system.
 INTRODUCTION

 IoT connects devices, helps in collecting data from various sources , exchanges
data, analyses the information from sensors and multiple devices, and gives perfect results in a
short period.

 With the help of IoT, we can handle outdoor things, household work, and gadgets. Using it, you can control your ACs or
any other electrical appliances. It has spread worldwide because of its low cost and rapid growth and productivity.

 It made the world advanced and updated but has also reduced laborious work.? But how does it work?
 The important thing is the data. Once collected from different sources, the data can be easily exchanged through the
network and connection established. The connection is established through mobiles or any other connected device via the
Internet and wireless connections.
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-characteristics-of-internet-of-things-iot

4
 INTRODUCTION (Cont..)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is to collect and exchange data with each other and with other systems over the internet.
 History of IoT
 In 1964, a German computer scientist said, “in a few decades of time computers will be interwoven into almost every
industrial product.
 In 1990, this is often cited as one of the first IoT devices, John Romkey, in response to a challenge, connected a toaster to
the internet and was able to successfully turn it on and off.
 In 1999 British technology pioneer Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Laboratory at MIT, invented the term "The
Internet of Things" to describe a system where the Internet is connected to the physical world via sensors, including RFID
(Radio-frequency identification) etc.,
 In 2018, total IOT connections are 23 billion, where as world population is 7.7 billion.
 According to reports there will be 80 billion IOT devices by 2025.
 In 2011, internet moved from IPv4 (32 bits, 4.3 billion) to IPv6 (128 bits).
 Steven Leibso said, we could assign an IPv6 address to every atom on the surface of the earth, and still have enough
addresses left to do another 100+ earths.
 In 2014, John Chambers, CEO, CiSco Systems said, “IoT” will be bigger than anything that’s ever been done in high tech,
it will change the way people live, work and play.
History of IoT
 EVOLUTION OF IoT

• “Machine to
• “Human to • “Social Media”
Human” Internet • “WWW” Internet • “WEB 2.0” Internet • Skype, Internet Machine”
Pre- • Identification,
• Fixed & of • E-mail, of • E-productivity, of Facebook, of
Internet Telephony, Information E-commerce Youtube,
Tracking,
SMS
Content Services People Twitter
Things Monitoring,
Automation

+ Smart + Smart IT + Smart Phones + Smart Devices, + Smart Data

Networks Platforms & Services & Applications Objects & Tags & Ambient Context
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

Intelligence Connectivity Expressing Sensing Energy Security

 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

1. Connectivity: Connectivity is an essential feature of IoT. IoT lets you connect mobile phones, laptops, and other
internet devices. Any person can get information about anything at any time and place. IoT can connect through several
wireless devices, like sensors, mobile phones, trackers, etc.

2. Intelligence: The intelligence of IoT devices depends on the sensors' intelligence. The sensors send the data to the
user for further analysis. We need to update the IoT devices regularly to get the smart work done. It adds to their features and
makes them smarter.
Reference material: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-characteristics-of-internet-of-things-iot
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT
3. Security: With the increasing number of IoT devices, issues regarding the security of personal data have arisen.
There might be a chance of data leakage as a large amount of data is collected, exchanged, and generated. There is a chance of
personal data being transferred without approval, which is a matter of concern.

To overcome this challenge, IoT has created networks, systems, and devices wherein privacy is well maintained. Maintaining
safety and security is a big dare for IoT. However, it still handles it without any disruption.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

4. Identity of Things: The collaboration of name and number gives an identity to an internet device. Giving
an identity to the device is an essential aspect of loT. Identity helps to differentiate between various internet devices and

select the device we want to send the command.

Every device needs a different controlling power based on the type of data provided. It is essential to give a unique

identity to every device so that we can set up passwords or other security means. For example, fingerprints, face

recognition IP addresses, and Face lock systems are several means of security given to the different identified devices to

protect them.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

5. Dynamic (Adaptability):
We need to create IoT devices in a way that they can adapt to the environment. For example, an AC should have a sensor that

can send a signal to the cloud and adjust it to the premises of the place. Similarly, the camera can easily click photographs by

adjusting to light situations, like day and night.

6. Scalability
Scalability means the amount of data one can handle efficiently. The IoT has created a setup to handle enormous data and

generate useful analysis.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

7. Self Upgradation: As we saw above, updating the software regularly is important. But who has the time to

remember to do that? Thus, with its artificial intelligence, IoT upgrades itself without human help. It also allows the set up of a

network for the addition of any new IoT devices. Thus, the technology can quickly start working without delay if the setup has

already been done.

8. Architecture:
The architecture of IoT is designed in a way that it is capable of supporting various devices, technologies, and protocols. Its

main work is to confirm whether each connected device does not interfere with the other. This way, the safety and security of

each device's data are maintained.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT
9. Network: With the increasing number of IoT devices in a network, it becomes difficult to maintain communication
for proper functioning. However, cloud service and gateway are a few methods that can solve such problems.

Often, one device can use the connectivity of another device to establish network connectivity even if the second device is not

connected to a network. Because IoT devices can communicate with one another, it is more effective and adaptable than other

current technologies.
10. Data:
The data gathered from IoT devices are analyzed for future prediction. For example, a calorie meter. It helps to regulate the

number of calories each day. We also have fitness data, thermostats, and various devices that monitor our health. Therefore, we

can use the data collected through these devices.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IoT

Advantages Disadvantages

Minimizes the human work and effort Increased privacy concerns

Saves time and effort Increased unemployment rates

Good for personal safety and security Highly dependent on the internet
Useful in traffic and other tracking or monitoring Lack of mental and physical activity by humans leading
systems to health issues.
Beneficial for the healthcare industry Complex system for maintenance

Improved security in homes and offices Lack of security data security

Reduced use of many electronic devices as one device Absence of international standards for better
does the job of a lot of other devices communication
Projected market share of dominant IoT applications by 2025
 SOME FACTS RELATED TO THE IoT

Here are some important facts about IoT (Internet of Things):

1. Massive Scale
2. Industry Impact
3. Data Revolution
4. Security and Privacy Challenges
5. Future Growth Potential
These five points highlight the scale, industry impact, data-driven nature, security
challenges, and future potential of IoT, emphasizing its transformative power in
shaping our connected world.
 CONCLUSION

In the present world, people from all categories have wholeheartedly welcomed these devices and are urging for more.

Because we are so occupied working every day, we want machines to share our workload. Undoubtedly, these machines

or devices help us do that conveniently. Thus, the demand for it is also increasing, and less tech-savvy people are

learning to operate these devices to make their lives easy.

We should have more devices to help us with daily work and ease our lifestyle.
 SUMMARY

• During the introduction session, the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was
discussed. IoT refers to the interconnection of physical devices and objects
through the internet, allowing them to collect and exchange data.
• The session covered the origins of IoT, including the coined term by Kevin
Ashton and the standardization efforts that followed.
• The characteristics of IoT, such as connectivity, data generation, and its
transformative potential, were highlighted, emphasizing its role in improving
efficiency and enabling data-driven decision-making. Overall, the session
provided an overview of IoT, its background, and its key features.
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of IoT?

(a) Connectivity
(b) Data exchange
(c) Self-awareness
(d) Sensor integration

2. Which wireless technology is commonly used for short-range IoT communication?

(a) Bluetooth
(b) Wi-Fi
(c) Zigbee
(d) Cellular
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

3. What is the purpose of an IoT gateway?

(a) To process data locally

(b) To connect IoT devices to the internet
(c) To provide data security
(d) To control actuators in the IoT system

4. Which industry does not utilize IoT applications?

(a) Healthcare
(b) Agriculture
(c) Retail
(d) Construction
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

5. What is the primary benefit of using IoT in supply chain management?

(a) Real-time tracking and monitoring

(b) Enhanced customer experience
(c) Increased profitability
(d) Reduced environmental impact

6. Which of the following is an example of a wearable IoT device?

(a) Smart thermostat

(b) Fitness tracker

(c) Smart lighting

system
(d)Connected car
 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Explain the basic concept of IoT and how it involves interconnected devices.

2. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of IoT.

3. Compare and contrast the evolution of IoT with other technological advancements in recent

history.

4. List and explain important facts about Internet of Things (IoT).

5. Recall the primary characteristics of Internet of Things (IoT).

 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE SESSION

Reference Books:
1. Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach" by Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti
2. "Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols and Standards" by Hossam Mahmoud Ahmad Fahmy
and Ahmed K. Elhakeem

Sites and Web links:

1.1. IoT for All: https://www.iotforall.com/
2.IoT Agenda: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/
 THANK YOU

Team – Fundamentals of IoT & Sensors

Bachupally Campus