21ECC302T- ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
Unit 3- Baseband and digital modulation techniques

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Baseband and Digital Modulation Techniques

• Baseband Modulation Techniques

• (PAM, PWM and PPM)
• Digital Modulation Techniques
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) System)
• Differential PCM (DPCM) System
• Delta Modulation (DM) System
• Matched Filter Receiver
• Probability of error for Matched filter
• Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Eye pattern

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Baseband and Digital Modulation Techniques
• Binary data can be transmitted in baseband or passband. In passband transmission, the binary data
modulates some carrier and the modulated carrier is transmiited over the channel. In baseband transmission
there is no modulation of high frequency carrier.
• Carrier is a train of pulses
Types of Pulse Modulation:
• The immediate result of sampling is a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) signal
• PAM is an analog scheme in which the amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the signal
at the instant of sampling
• Another analog pulse-forming technique is known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM). This is also known
as pulse-width modulation (PWM)
• Pulse-position modulation is closely related to PDM

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• In pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), the amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses are varied in proportion
to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal; the pulses can be of a rectangular
form or some other appropriate shape.
• Pulse-amplitude modulation as defined here is somewhat similar to natural sampling, where the message
signal is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses. However, in natural sampling the top of each
modulated rectangular pulse varies with the message signal, whereas in PAM it is maintained flat
• The waveform of a PAM signal is illustrated in Figure 3.1. The dashed curve in this figure depicts the
waveform of a message signal m(t ), and the sequence of amplitude modulated rectangular pulses shown as
solid lines represents the corresponding PAM signal s(t )

Figure 3.1. Flat top samples

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• For transmission of digital data is discrete pulse amplitude modulation(PAM). In discrete PAM, the
amplitude of the pulse varies in discrete manner according to the input binary data.
• The discrete PAM can have only two amplitude levels corresponding to binary ‘1’ and ‘0’. Successive
binary bits can be combined into symbols. There can be multiple amplitude levels corresponding to these
symbols. They generate discrete PAM signals.
• These signals can be transmitted (without any modulation) over the channel in baseband transmission.
• In PAM, amplitude of pulses is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
There are two operations involved in the generation of the PAM signal:
1. Instantaneous sampling of the message signal m(t) every Ts seconds, where the sampling rate/) - I /7^ is
chosen in accordance with the sampling theorem.
2. Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to some constant value T.
In digital circuit technology, these two operations are jointly referred to as “ sample and hold.” One important
reason for intentionally lengthening the duration of each sample is to avoid the use of an excessive channel
bandwidth, since bandwidth is inversely proportional to pulse duration. However, care has to be exercised in
how long we make the sample duration T, as the following analysis reveals.

PAM signal can be represented as,

------------- (3.1)
where Ts is the sampling period and m(nTs) is the sample value of m(t) obtained at time t = nTs.
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
•

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
•

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 PAM Generation

• The circuit is simple emitter follower., In the absence of the clock signal, the output follows input.The
modulating signal is applied as the input signal. Another input to the base of the transistor is the clock
signal. The frequency of the clock signal is made equal to the desired carrier pulse train frequency.
• The amplitude of the clock signal is chosen the high level is at ground level(0v) and low level at some
negative voltage sufficient to bring the transistor in cutoff region.
• When clock is high, circuit operates as emitter follower and the output follows in the input modulating
signal. When clock signal is low, transistor is cutoff and output is zero. Thus the output is the desired PAM
signal.
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 PAM Demodulation

Figure 3.3 Reconstruction of pulse signal

The PAM demodulator circuit which is just an envelope detector followed by a second order op-amp low pass filter (to
have good filtering characteristics) is as shown below

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Figure 3.4 PAM demodulator
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) & Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM)

• In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the width of each pulse is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value of the analog signal.
• In PWM information is contained in width variation. This is similar to FM.
• In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of each pulse is made directly proportional to the amplitude
of the information signal.

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PWM & PPM waveforms

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Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• In a pulse modulation system, we may use the
increased bandwidth consumed by pulses to obtain
an improvement in noise performance by
representing the sample values of the message
signal by some property of the pulse other than
amplitude.
• In pulse-duration modulation (PDM), the samples
of the message signal are used to vary the duration
of the individual pulses. This form of modulation is
also referred to as pulse-width modulation or pulse-
length modulation.
• The modulating signal may vary the time of
occurrence of the leading edge, the trailing edge, or
both edges of the pulse. In Figure 3.5 c the trailing
edge of each pulse is varied in accordance with the Figure 3.5 Modulating wave. (b) Pulse carrier, (c) PDM
message signal, assumed to be sinusoidal as shown wave. (d) PPM wave.
in Figure 3.5 a. The periodic pulse carrier is shown 13
in Figure 3.5 b.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• In PDM, long pulses expend considerable power
during the pulse while bearing no additional
information. If this unused power is subtracted
from PDM, so that only time transitions are
preserved, we obtain a more efficient type of pulse
modulation known as pulse-position modulation
(PPM).
• In PPM, the position of a pulse relative to its
unmodulated time of occurrence is varied in
accordance with the message signal, as illustrated
in Figure 3.5(d) for the case of sinusoidal
modulation.

Figure 3.5 Modulating wave. (b) Pulse carrier, (c) PDM

wave. (d) PPM wave.
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Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• Let Ts denote the sample duration. Using the sample m{nTs) of a message signal m(t) to modulate the
position of the nth pulse, we obtain the PPM signal
------- (3.10)
where kp is the sensitivity of the pulse-position modulator and g(t) denotes a standard pulse of interest.
Clearly, the different pulses constituting the PPM signal s(t) must be strictly nonoverlapping; a sufficient
condition for this requirement to be satisfied is to have
-------- (3.11)
which, in turn, requires that
-------- (3.12)
• The closer kp\rn(t)\max is to one half the sampling duration Ts, the narrower must the standard pulse g(t )
be in order to ensure that the individual pulses of the PPM signal s(t) do not interfere with each other, and
the wider will the bandwidth occupied by the PPM signal be.
• Assuming that Eq. (3.11) is satisfied, and that there is no interference between adjacent pulses of the PPM
signal s(f), then the signal samples m(nTs) can be recovered perfectly. Furthermore, if the message signal
m(t) is strictly band limited, it follows from the sampling theorem that the original message signal m{t) can
be recovered from the PPM signal s(t) without distortion. 15
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• Let Ts denote the sample duration. Using the sample m{nTs) of a message signal m(t) to modulate the
position of the nth pulse, we obtain the PPM signal
------- (3.10)
where kp is the sensitivity of the pulse-position modulator and g(t) denotes a standard pulse of interest.
Clearly, the different pulses constituting the PPM signal s(t) must be strictly nonoverlapping; a sufficient
condition for this requirement to be satisfied is to have
-------- (3.11)
which, in turn, requires that
-------- (3.12)
• The closer kp\rn(t)\max is to one half the sampling duration Ts, the narrower must the standard pulse g(t )
be in order to ensure that the individual pulses of the PPM signal s(t) do not interfere with each other, and
the wider will the bandwidth occupied by the PPM signal be.
• Assuming that Eq. (3.11) is satisfied, and that there is no interference between adjacent pulses of the PPM
signal s(f), then the signal samples m(nTs) can be recovered perfectly. Furthermore, if the message signal
m(t) is strictly band limited, it follows from the sampling theorem that the original message signal m{t) can
be recovered from the PPM signal s(t) without distortion. 16
PWM & PPM Generation

Figure 3.6 PWM and PPM generation

• The PPM signal can be generated from PWM signal.

• he PWM pulses obtained at the comparator output are applied to a mono stable multi vibrator which is negative edge
triggered.
• Hence for each trailing edge of PWM signal, the monostable output goes high. It remains high for a fixed time decided
by its RC components.
• hus as the trailing edges of the PWM signal keeps shifting in proportion with the modulating signal, the PPM pulses
also keep shifting.
• Therefore all the PPM pulses have the same amplitude and width. The information is conveyed via changing position
of pulses.
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PWM Demodulation

• Transistor T1 works as an inverter. During time interval A-B when the PWM signal is high the input to
transistor T2 is low. Therefore, during this time interval T2 is cut-off and capacitor C is charged through an
R-C combination.
• During time interval B-C when PWM signal is low, the input to transistor T2 is high, and it gets saturated.
• The capacitor C discharges rapidly through T2. The collector voltage of T2 during BC is low. Thus, the
waveform at the collector of T2is similar to saw-tooth waveform whose envelope is the modulating signal.
Passing it through 2nd order op-amp Low Pass Filter, gives demodulated signal.

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PPM Generation

Figure 3.7. Block diagram of PPM generation

• The message signal m{t) is first converted into a PAM signal by means of a sample-and-hold circuit,
generating a staircase waveform u(t).Note that the pulse duration T of the sample-and-hold circuit is the
same as the sampling duration Ts
• Next, the signal u(t) is added to a sawtooth wave, yielding the combined signal v(t). The combined signal
v(t) is applied to a threshold detector that produces a very narrow pulse (approximating an impulse) each
time v{t) crosses zero in the negative-going direction. The resulting sequence of “ impulses” i{t) Finally,
the PPM signal s(t) is generated by using this sequence of impulses to excite a filter whose impulse
response is defined by the standard pulse g(t).
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PPM Demodulation
• Consider a PPM wave s(t) with uniform sampling, as defined by Eqs. (3.10) and (3.11), and assume that
the message (modulating) signal m{t) is strictly band-limited.
• The operation of one type of PPM receiver may proceed as follows:
✔ Convert the received PPM wave into a PDM wave with the same modulation.
✔ Integrate this PDM wave using a device with a finite integration time, thereby
computing
the area under each pulse of the PDM wave.
✔ Sample the output of the integrator at a uniform rate to produce a PAM wave,
whose pulse amplitudes are proportional to the signal samples m(nTs) of the original PPM
wave s(t ).
✔ Finally, demodulate the PAM wave to recover the message signal m(t ).

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PPM Demodulation
• All the operations described here are linear. In addition,
a practical PPM receiver includes a nonlinear device
called a slicer at its input end.
• The input-output characteristic of an ideal slicer is
shown in Figure 3.8, where the slicing level is normally
set at approximately half the peak pulse amplitude of
the received PPM wave.
• The function of the slicer is to preserve the positions of
the edges of the received pulses (as modified by noise)
and remove everything else.
• It does so by producing almost “ rectangular” pulses Figure 3.8 Input-output relation of slicer
with fairly sharp leading and trailing edges at the same
instants as the corresponding edges of the received
pulses. Thus, in a loose sense, the slicer acts as a “ noise
cleaning device” in that the final noise level at the
output of the receiver is greatly reduced by eliminating
all the noise in the received PPM wave except in the
neighborhood of the leading and trailing edges. 21
 PPM Demodulation
• The output of the slicer is differentiated and then half-
wave rectified, yielding a very short pulse
(approximating an impulse) each time the amplitude
of a pulse in the received PPM wave passes through
the slicing level.
• Figure 3.9a shows the nth pulse of a PPM wave, and
Figure 3.10b shows the short pulse produced (by the
operations described herein) as the pulse passes
through the slicing level. In Figure 3.10c an
appropriate delay is applied to the short pulse, and the
corresponding PDM pulse is shown in Figure 3.10c.
• Having converted the received (noisy) PPM wave into
a PDM wave with the same modulation, the receiver
then proceeds to reconstruct the original baseband
signal m(t) in the manner described above.

Figure 3.9 Detection of a noiseless PPM signal. 22

PPM Demodulation

• The gaps between the pulses of a PPM signal contain the information regarding the modulating signal.
• During gap A-B between the pulses the transistor is cut-off and the capacitor C gets charged through R-C
combination.
• During the pulse duration B-C the capacitor discharges through transistor and the collector voltage
becomes low. Thus, waveform across collector is saw-tooth waveform whose envelope is the modulating
signal.
• Passing it through 2nd order op-amp Low Pass Filter, gives demodulated signal.

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