Introduction to Programming
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
Chapter 7
Loops
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Topics
• Loops
• Condition Tested
Loops
• Counted Loops
• Endless Loops
• FOR Loop
• WHILE Loop
• DO-WHILE Loop
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Loops
• A loop is a sequence of instructions that is
continually
repeated until a certain condition is reached.
• Loops allow for the same statement to be
executed a number of times in succession.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Loops
Pseudocod Flowchar
e: t:
Fals
Condition e
Loop
Do Something Tru
Until Condition e
Do something
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Loops
• There are three types which are commonto
most
programming languages:
– Condition Tested Loops
– Counted Loops
– Endless Loops
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Condition Tested Loops
• A condition tested loop is one which repeats a
set of instructions until a certain condition is
reached.
• The test can be performed at the start of the
loop (before any of the instructions are
executed), during the loop, or at the end of
the loop.
• Usually, the condition will be testing the result
of executing the statements that are inside
the loop. 6
Introduction to Programming
Loops
Counted Loops
• A counted loop is one which allows the
programmer to instruct the computer to
perform a set of instructions x times, where x
is usually an integer value, but some
programming languages offer other data
types.
• One could argue that the counted loop is just a
condition tested loop which updates a counter
and exits once a given value is reached.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
Counted Loops
• The only time to use a count loop is when
the program can determine ahead of time
how many times the loop will repeat.
• There are generally two ways that the
number of
repetitions of a loop will be know ahead of
time:
– The loop always repeats the same
number of times.
– The program calculates the number of
repetitions based upon user input. 8
Introduction to Programming
Loops
Endless Loops
• An endlessloop goes roundand rounduntil
one of
three things happens:
– The computer is turned off (or the
application stopped, forcefully)
– The computer encounters an EXIT
(or similar) statement
– An error forces the application to 'crash'
• Some endless loops serve a purpose, in
message loops, for example, where it is
necessary to continually monitor for incoming 9
Introduction to Programming
Loops
Example of Loop Statement
• These are examples loop statement in
programming
language
– FOR Loop
– WHILE Loop
– DO … WHILE Loop
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
• A FOR loop is a loop that repeats a specified
number
of times.
• The loop uses a counter to tell it how many
times to run the same sequence of activities.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
• The counter has the following three numeric
values:
– Initial counter value
– Increment (the amount to add to the
counter each time the loop runs)
– Final counter value
• The loop ends when the counter reaches the
final counter value, or, if there is an
associated test condition, when the test
condition is true.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
Pseudocod Flowchar
e: t:
FOR x times Initial value
Do Something
Increment Conditio
n
(Final
counte
r)
Do something
Increment
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
FOR loop syntax:
FOR (initial counter value, final counter,
increment) Statement (Do Something)
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
Example 1:
Output:
FOR (x=1, x<5, x++)
PRINT “Hello Hello
World” World
Hello
World
Hello
World
Hello
World 15
Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
Example 2:
FOR (x=1, x<=4, Output:
x++) PRINT x
1
2
3
4
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
FOR Loop
Example 3:
FOR (x=5, x>0, Output:
x--) PRINT x
5
4
3
2
1
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
WHILE Loop
• A WHILE loop is a loop that repeats while
some
condition is satisfied.
• The WHILE loop tests its condition at the
beginning of every loop.
• If the condition is false from the start, the
sequence of activities contained in the loop
never runs at all.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
WHILE Loop
Pseudocod Flowchar
e: t:
WHILE condition
Fals
Do Conditio e
Something n
Tru
e
Do something
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
WHILE Loop
WHILE loop syntax:
WHILE (Condition)
Statement (Do
Something)
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
WHILE Loop
Example 1:
WHILE (x < 5) Output:
PRINT “Hello
Hello
World” x++
World
Hello
World
Hello
World
Hello
World
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
WHILE Loop
Example 2:
Output:
WHILE (key != Esc)
Hello
PRINT “Hello
world
World” Hello
world
Hello
world
Hello
world
… 22
Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
• Like a while loop, a do-while loop is a loop
that
repeats while some condition is satisfied.
• Unlike a while loop, a do-while loop tests its
condition at the end of the loop.
• This means that its sequence of activities
always runs at least once.
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
Pseudocod Flowchar
e: t:
D
o something Do something
WHILE condition
Fals
e
Condition
True
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
DO-WHILE Loop
Syntax
DO
Statement
WHILE
(Condition)
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
Example 1:
x=
1
Output:
DO
PRINT “Hello Hello
World” x++ World
WHILE (x<5) Hello
World
Hello
World
Hello
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World
Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
Example 2:
x=
Output:
1
DO
PRINT “Hello Hello World
World” x++
WHILE (x>5)
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Introduction to Programming
Loops
DO-WHILE Loop
Example 3:
DO Output:
PRINT “Hello
World” WHILE (Key != Hello
Esc) World
Hello
World
Hello
World
… 28
Introduction to Programming
Loops
Exercise
Draw flowchart diagram for the following
programs using
loop:
1. A program that display number 1 to 20
2. A program that display a person name x
times.
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