GOVT SUKHRAM NAGE COLLEGE
NAGRI
DISTT DHAMTARI (C.G.)
Session – 2024 – 25
Paper 1 Plant Reproduction and
Utilization of Resources
Topic – Apomixis
Guided by – Presented by
Asst.prof.K.Naik Tames kumar
HoD(Botany) Msc4th sem.
(Botany)
• Content
• Introduction
• Types of Apomixis
• Classification of Apomixis
• Detection of Apomixis
• Application of Apomixis
• Advantages of Apomixis
• Problem in utilisation of Apomixis
• Reference
• Introduction:
• Apomixis – Apomixis a Greek word.
• Apo = without,Mixis = Mixing.
• This term was given by wrinkler.
• Definition : In apomixis, seed are formed but the
embryos developed without fertilization.
• Consequently the plants resulting from such seeds are
identical in genotype with each other and with the
parent plant.
• In Apomixis seed species, sexual reproduction is either
suppressed or absent.
• Types of Apomixis:
• Facultative Apomixis: When sexual reproduction also
occur, the apomixis is termed as facultative apomixis.
• Obligate apomixis: When sexual reproduction is
absent it is referred to as abligate apomixis many crop
species show apomixis,but it is generally facultative.
• Non-recurrent apomixis: When embryos arise from
haploid cells apomixis is termed as non recurrent,
because the progeny is so obtained cannot be
maintained further.
• Recurrent Apomixis: When embryos arise from diploid
cells, apomixis is called recurrent since the progeny is
so obtained, can be perpetuated indefinitely.
• Classification of Apomixis are as follows
1. Adventive Embryony: In this case, embryos develop
directly from vegetative cells of the ovules ,such as
nucellus Integument and chalaza, and it does not
involve production of embryo sac. Eg-mango , citrus
orchids.
Fig- embryo sac.
2 .Diplospory: Embryo sac is produced from the
megaspore , which may haploid or generally diploid.
3 .Apospory: Some vegetative cells or sporophytic cell of
the ovule develop into unreduced embryo sac, through a
series of mitotic divisions and without meiosis.Eg- some
species of Hieraceum, orchids.
4. ApogamyEmbryo sac is produced from the
megaspore , which may haploid or generally diploid.
5. Parthenogenesis : Development of from egg cells
without fertilization.
6. Psedogamy : In such cases, pollination is necessary
for every embryo development, but fertilization of the egg
cell does not takes place.
7. Androgenesis : In many species ,Eg-
Nicotina,Datura,Rice,etc.
Pollen grains may be induced in vitro to produce a
haploid embryo or plantlets , This is called Androgenesis.
• Detection of Apomixis:
• In case of obligate apomixis, all the progeny from across
resemble the female parent.
• In case of facultative apomixis percentage of progeny
that are identical to the female parent give the degree
of Apomixis.
• In a selfed generation presence of plant showing no
inbreeding depression is indicative of apomixis.
• Presence of multiple siblings indicate apomixis.
• The presence of more than one embryo sac in an ovule
is an important indicators of apomixis.
• Application of Apomixis:
• Fixation of heterosis.
• Production of homozygous line.
• Development of phenotypically stable populations
called as vabrids.
• Vibrid- A hybrid is a progeny obtained from cross
between two facultative apomixis.
• Advantages of Apomixis:
• Obligate apomixis permits fixation of heterosis in the
hybrids.
• The new hybrid variety could be multiplied from few
hybrid seeds in the same manner pure line.
• The nuclear seed of hybrid varieties can be
conveniently maintained as hybrid varieties.
• Problem in utilization of Apomixis:
• Apomixis is very complicated phenomenon.
• Estimation of the level of apomixis, In case of
facultative apomixis in very time consuming.
• The genetic basis of Apomixis is not clear in most cases.
• Reference
• Nogler, G. A. (1984). Gametophytic apomixis. In
Embryology of angiosperms (pp. 475-518). Springer
Berlin,heidlberg.
THANK YOU
