Chapter 7.

1 Anatomy & Physiology

□ Anatomy
■ Study form and structure of organism
□ Physiology
■ Study processes of living organisms, or
why/how they work
□ Pathophysiology
■ Study how disease occurs and responses of
living organisms to disease processes
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Do
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 Cells

□ Protoplasm
■ Basic substance of all life
□ Composed of C, O2, H, sulfur, nitrogen,
phosphorus
□ Cell (protoplasm forms cell)
■ Microscopic structures that carry on all
functions of life
Cell (Basic Parts)

□ Cell Membrane AKA plasma membrane

■ outer protective covering of cell
□ Cytoplasm
■ semifluid inside cell but outside nucleus
■ site for all chemical reactions that occur in cell
□ 70-90% H2O
□ Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, salts
 Organelles
□ Organelles are structures in cell that help it
to function, located in cytoplasm
■ Nucleus
■ Mitochondria
■ Ribosomes
■ Lysosomes
■ Centrioles
■ Golgi Apparatus
■ Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Organelles

□ Nucleus AKA “brain” of cell

■ mass in cytoplasm
■ separated by nuclear membrane that has
pores to allow substances to pass b/t
nucleus and cytoplasm
□ Nucleolus
■ one or more small, round bodies in nucleus
■ important in cell reproduction
■ manufactures ribosomes
 Nucleus
□ Chromatin
■ Located in nucleus
■ Made of: DNA (deoxyribonucleuic acid), Protein
■ During cell reproduction it forms rodlike
structures called chromosomes
□ Chromosomes
■ Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
■ Each chromosome = 30-45 thousand genes
(carry inherited characteristics)
■ Genome total mass of genetic instruction
inherit from parents
 Organelles

□ Centrosome
■ Located in cytoplasm near nucleus
■ Contains 2 Centrioles
□ Centrioles separate during cell division
and attach to chromosomes (even #
chromosomes in two new cells)
 Organelles

□ Mitochondria AKA “powerhouses” of cell

■ Rod shaped/located throughout cytoplasm
□ Cell can have 1-1,000 mitochondria
■ Break down carbs, protein, fats to produce
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
■ ATP major energy source of cell
Organelles

□ Golgi Apparatus
■ Stack of membrane layers located in
cytoplasm
■ Produces, stores, and packages
secretions for discharge from cell
□ Cells of salivary, gastric, and pancreatic
glands have large numbers of Golgi
Apparatus
Organelles

□ Endoplasmic Reticulum
■ Network of tubular structures in cytoplasm
■ Transports materials in and out of nucleus
□ Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins
□ Two Types
■ Rough
□ Contains ribosomes (sites of protein production)
■ Smooth
□ No ribosomes, not in all cells
□ Cholesterol production, fat metabolism, detox
of drugs
 Organelles
□ Vacuoles
■ Pouch like structure throughout cytoplasm
■ Filled with watery substance, stored food, or
waste products
 Organelles

□ Lysosomes
■ Oval or round bodies in cytoplasm
■ Contain digestive enzymes that
digest/destroy
□ Old cells, bacteria, foreign material
□ *Important function of immune system
■ Fuse with food vacuoles to convert food to
form that can be used by mitochondria
 Cell
Membrane

□ Pinocytic Vesicles
■ Pocketlike folds in cell membrane
■ Allow large molecules like proteins and fats
to enter cell
Cell Reproduction

□ Mitosis
■ Process by which cell reproduces by
dividing into two identical cells (asexual
reproduction) each with 46 chromosomes
□ Skin cells, blood forming cells, and intestinal
tract cells reproduce continuously
□ Muscle cell reproduce every few years
□ Specialized cells like nerve cell in brain and
spinal cord do not reproduce after birth
Cell Reproduction

□ Meiosis
■ Process by which sex cells (gametes) divide
■ Uses two separate cell divisions to produce
four new cells
■ Female cells (ova) or male cells (sperm)
divide the number of chromosomes is
reduced to 23
□ Ovum & sperm join the new cell called zygote
has 46 chromosomes
Stem Cells
□ New zygote begins period of
rapid mitotic division
□ 4-5 days ball like mass of
cells called blastocyst
□ Inside blastocyst are stem
cells
□ Stem cells have ability to
transform into any bodies
specialized cells and perform
many different functions.
 Stem Cells
□ Scientists attempting to determine if can be
transplanted into body to cure
■ diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, Parkinson’s, heart
disease and spinal cord injuries

□ What is controversy?
■ 4-5 day embryo used to obtain cells
■ Other stem cell sources: blood in umbilical cord
or placenta (can be stored for future use)
■ Adult stem cells can’t evolve into every kind of
cell
 Tissue
□ Tissue
■ When cells of same type join together for
common purpose form tissue
■ 60-99 % water called tissue fluid

□ What happens if we don’t have enough

fluid in our tissues?
□ How about too much?
Tissues (4 Main)
□ Epithelial tissue
■ covers surface of body
■ main tissue skin
■ Forms lining of:
□ Intestinal tract
□ Respiratory Tract
□ Circulatory Tract
□ Urinary Tract & other body cavities
■ Forms body glands
□ specializes to produce secretions
■ mucus, digestive juices
 Tissue
□ Connective Tissue
■ supporting fabric organs & other body parts
■ 2 Classes:
□ Soft
■ Adipose (fatty tissue): stores fat, insulates
■ Ligaments and tendons (fibrous tissue): hold body
structures together
□ Hard
■ Cartilage : shock absorber, flexibility
■ Bone (osseous tissue): structure of our body
■ Liquid connective tissue
□ Blood and Lymph (vascular tissue)
 Tissue

□ Nerve tissue
■ made up of special cells called neurons
□ neurons transmit messages throughout the
body
■ nerves, brain, spinal cord composed of
nerve tissue
 Tissue

□ Muscle tissue
■ produces power and movement by
contraction of muscle fibers
■ 3 Main Types:
□ Skeletal : attaches to bones for movement
□ Cardiac : causes heart to beat
□ Visceral (smooth) : walls of respiratory,
digestive, urinary tract, blood vessels
Organs & Systems

□ Organ
■ two or more tissues joined together to
perform specific function
□ Eg. heart, stomach, lungs
□ System
■ organs and other body parts joined together
to perform function
 Summary
□ Cells combine to form tissue

□ Tissues combine to form organs

□ Organs & other body parts combine to form

systems

□ Systems working together create our body

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 Chapter 7.2
□ Body Planes
□ Body Cavities
□ Abdominal Regions
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lth-and-human-body/human-body/lungs/
□ Video bottom of page
 Anatomical
Position
Body
■ standing erect
■ face forward
■ arms at side
■ palms forward
 Body Planes
□ Imaginary lines
drawn through body
that separates body
into sections
□ Directional terms
are created by these
planes
 Body Planes Terms
□Bilateral
■ affect both sides of body
□Unilateral
■ affect one side of body
Transverse Plane
□ Divides body
top and bottom halves
Directional Terms

□ Superior
■ Body parts above other
parts
■ AKA cranial
□ Located near head

□ Inferior
■ Body parts below other
parts
■ AKA caudal
□ Located near “tail”
sagittal Plane
□ Divides body
right and left
□ Midline of body

□ EQUAL halves
Midsagittal/median
UNEQUAL halves
Parasagittal
Directional Terms

□ Medial
■ Body parts close
to midline or
median
□ Lateral
■ Body parts away
from midline
□ Intermediate
■ Between two
structures (b/t
medial and
lateral)
Coronal Plane
(Frontal)
□ Divides body front
and back section
□ Ventral (Anterior)
■ Body parts in front of
coronal plane or on
front of body

□ Dorsal (Posterior)
■ Body parts on back of
body
Oblique Plane “Odd Angle”

● Divides body into

Diagonal section
Directional Terms
□ Point of Reference
■ Location of
extremities (arms and
legs) in relation to main
trunk of body
□ Proximal
■ Body parts close to
point of reference
□ Distal
■ Body parts distant or
away from point of
reference
 Video
Proximal Distal Review

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Directional Terms

□ Superficial
■ Close to surface of
body
□ Deep
■ Away from surface of
body
 Directional Terms

□ Supine
■ (lying) flat on your back,
looking up
□ Prone
■ lying flat, face down
 Body Cavities
□ Body cavities
■ Spaces within body
that contain vital
organs
 Body Cavities
□ Dorsal cavity
■ One long continuous
cavity on back of
body; contains cranial
and spinal cavities

■ Cranial cavity
□ Contains brain
■ Spinal cavity
□ Contains spinal cord
 Body Cavities
□ Ventral cavity
■ Front of body
■ Separated into 2 distinct
cavities by dome shaped
muscle called
diaphragm

■ Thoracic cavity
□ In chest
□ Contains esophagus,
trachea, bronchi,
lungs, heart, and large
blood vessels
 Body Cavities
□ Abdominopelvic cavity
■ Upper and lower section

■ Abdominal
□ Upper: stomach, small
intestine, most of large
intestine, appendix,
liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, and spleen
■ Pelvic cavity
□ Lower: urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, last
part of large intestine
 Small Cavities/ Regions
□ Frontal
■ Forehead
□ Orbital
■ Eyes
□ Nasal
■ Nose structure
□ Buccal
■ Mouth (teeth,tongue)
Small Cavities / Regions

□ Brachial
■ Upper Arm
□Antebrachial
■ Forearm
□Carpal
■ Wrist area
□Digital
■ Fingers
Small Cavities / Regions

□ Femoral
■ Upper Leg
□Patellar
■ Knee
□Crural
■ Lower Leg
□Tarsal
■ Ankle
Abdominal Quadrants
□ RUQ
■ Right upper quadrant
□ LUQ
■ Left upper quadrant
□ RLQ
■ Right lower quadrant
□ LLQ
■ Left lower quadrant
 Abdominal Regions
□ Epigastric (above stomach)

□ Umbilical (near umbilicus)

□ Hypogastric (below stomach)

□ Hypochondriac (below ribs)

□ Lumbar (near large bones of spine)

□ Iliac (near groin) “iliac crest”

 Axial Skeleton
■Main trunk of body
■Skull
■Ribs/Breast bone
■Spinal column
■Sacrum
 Appendicular
Skeleton
■Extremities
■Shoulder girdle
■Arm bones
■Pelvic girdle
■Leg bones
 Group Practice
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bject.aspx?ID=AP15305

□ Video Regions Pain

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MIM
WATCH 9 min.
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8sgMsg

□ Body plane, Direction, Cavity game

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v=iQB7baJA9wY