© [Link].

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 Aristotle’s classification
• Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification
of organisms.
• He classified plants to trees, shrubs & herbs and animals into 2 groups, those
with red blood and without red blood.

Mammals,
Red
lizards,
Blood birds, fish

ANIMALS
Hard bodied insects
No Red
Blood Shell Shellfish
Soft bodied
No shell Jellyfish

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 Two-Kingdom classification
• It is proposed by Linnaeus (1758).
• This system classifies organisms into Two Kingdoms- Plantae & Animalia.

Kingdom
Plantae
Organisms
Kingdom
Animalia
 Two-Kingdom classification
Drawbacks of 2-kingdom classification
• Prokaryotes (Bacteria, cyanobacteria) &
eukaryotes (fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms
& angiosperms) were included under ‘Plants’
based on the presence of cell wall. But they are
widely differed in other features.
• It included unicellular & multicellular organisms
in same group. E.g. Chlamydomonas &
Spirogyra were placed under algae. Chlamydomonas Spirogyra
• It did not differentiate between heterotrophic
fungi and autotrophic green plants. Fungi have
chitinous cell wall while the green plants have
cellulosic cell wall.
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 Five-Kingdom classification
• It is proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969).
• It includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae & Animalia.
• This classification is based on cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of
nutrition, reproduction & phylogenetic relationships.

Organisms

Kingdo
Kingdo Kingdo Kingdo
Kingdo m
m m m
m Fungi Animali
Monera Protista Plantae
a
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 Characteristics of the five Kingdom
Characters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Non-cellulosic Present Present
Cell wall (polysaccharide + Present in some (Chitin & poly- (cellulose) Absent
amino acid) saccharides)
Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present
membrane
Body Cellular Cellular Multicellular, Tissue/organ Tissue/organ/
organization loose tissue organ system

Autotrophic
(photosynthetic &
chemosynthetic) Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Mode of (photosynthetic) (saprophytic (photo-
and heterotrophic (holozoic,
nutrition & heterotrophic or parasitic) synthetic) saprophytic etc)
(saprophyte/
parasite)

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 1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

• Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms.

• Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil.
• They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs,
deserts, snow & deep oceans.
• Many are parasites.

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 1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

Based on the shape, bacteria are 4 types:

Coccus (Spherical)

Bacillus (Rod-shaped)

Vibrium (Comma-shaped)

Spirillum (Spiral)

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

• Bacterial structure is very simple

but they are complex in
behaviour and show metabolic
diversity.
• Some bacteria are autotrophic
(synthesize food from inorganic
substrates).
• Majority are heterotrophs (they
do not synthesize the food but
depend on other organisms or on
dead organic matter for food).

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) CLASSIFICATION

Halophiles

Archaebacteri Thermo-
a acidophiles

Methanogens

Bacteria Photosynthetic
autotrophs
Autotrophs
Chemosynthetic
autotrophs
Eubacteria
Parasitic
Heterotrophs
Saprophytic

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 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA
1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)
• They live in harshest habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).
• Archaebacteria have a different cell wall structure for their survival in extreme
conditions.
• Methanogens are present in the guts of ruminant animals (cows, buffaloes etc). They
produce methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals.

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) 2. EUBACTERIA

• They are True Bacteria having a rigid cell wall and a flagellum (if motile).
• They include Autotrophs (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic) and Heterotrophs.

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) 2. EUBACTERIA

A. Photosynthetic autotrophs (E.g. Cyanobacteria)

• They have chlorophyll a similar to that of
green plants.
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
• Unicellular, colonial or filamentous, marine
or terrestrial algae.
• The colonies are generally surrounded by
gelatinous sheath.
• They often form blooms in polluted water
bodies.
• Some of them fix atmospheric N2 in
specialized cells called heterocysts.
• E.g. Nostoc & Anabaena. AnabaenaNostoc
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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) 2. EUBACTERIA

B. Chemosynthetic autotrophs

Green sulphur bacteria Purple sulphur bacteria

• They oxidize inorganic substances such as

nitrates, nitrites & ammonia and use the
released energy for ATP production.
• They help in recycling nutrients like nitrogen,
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis
phosphorous, iron & sulphur.
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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) 2. EUBACTERIA

C. Heterotrophic bacteria

• They are the most

Hetero- abundant in nature.
trophic
• The majority are important
bacteria
decomposers.

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA) 2. EUBACTERIA

C. Heterotrophic bacteria: Impacts on Human affairs

Rhizobium

✔ They are used to make curd

from milk.
✔ Production of antibiotics.
✔ Fixing nitrogen in legume
roots etc.
Vibrio cholerae
✔ Some are pathogens
causing diseases.
E.g. Cholera, typhoid,
tetanus, and citrus canker.
Salmonella typhi

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)REPRODUCTION

• Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission.

• Under unfavourable conditions, they produce spores.
• They also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction (DNA transfer from
one bacterium to other).

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1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)MYCOPLASMAS

• They are organisms without a cell wall.

• They are the smallest living cells known.
• They can survive without oxygen.
• Many are pathogenic in animals and plants.
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