Understanding
Culture, Society,
and Politics
04
Review
In a city, people are categorized based on
their wealth, occupation, and education.
Some individuals have access to better
healthcare, education, and opportunities,
while others struggle to make ends meet.
Social
Social Mobility
Stratification
In a hospital, doctors diagnose patients,
nurses provide care, and janitors ensure
cleanliness. Each role is essential for the
hospital to function smoothly.
Functionalist
Conflict Theory
Theory
Workers at a factory protest against unfair
wages, arguing that company executives
earn millions while employees struggle
with low salaries.
Symbolic-
Conflict Theory Interactionist Theory
A student wearing expensive branded
clothes is treated with respect, while
another student in worn-out clothes is
ignored. These interactions shape how
individuals see themselves and others.
Functionalist Symbolic-
Theory Interactionist Theory
After years of hard work, Daniel moves
from a low-income background to a high-
paying corporate job, improving his social
status.
Social
Social Mobility
Stratification
A high school teacher transfers from one
school to another but remains in the same
profession and salary level.
Horizontal
Vertical Mobility
Mobility
A cashier at a grocery store works hard,
earns a degree, and later becomes a store
manager, increasing their salary and
status.
Horizontal
Vertical Mobility
Mobility
Ferdinand is born into a royal family and is
automatically considered part of the upper
class.
Ascribed Status Achieved Status
James grew up in poverty but worked hard
to become a successful lawyer, earning a
respected position in society.
Ascribed Status Achieved Status
In a certain country, people are born into
specific social classes, and no matter how
hard they work or what skills they develop,
they are not allowed to change their
status. A person born into a farming family
must remain a farmer, while those born
into nobility keep their privileges.
Open System Closed System
05
Introduction
The Privilege Chair
Reflect on social inequality by identifying
privileges or disadvantages that affect
people's opportunities in life.
Instructions
• Listen carefully to each statement that
your teacher will read.
• If your answer is "Yes," raise your hand.
If your answer is "No," keep your hand
down.
• There are no right or wrong answers—just
respond honestly based on your own
experiences.
Did you always have
three meals a day
growing up?
Have you ever felt
discriminated against
because of your
gender, social status,
or family background?
Have you ever worried
about not being able
to afford school
supplies?
Did your family own a
car while you were
growing up?
Have you had access
to private tutors or
extra learning
materials?
Have you ever been
denied something
(like joining a school
event) because of
money?
Do you believe that all
people have equal
opportunities to
succeed?
06
Analysis
Analysis
• What did you notice about the
number of hands raised for certain
questions?
• How did it feel to raise your hand (or
not) for some of these statements?
• What does this say about social
inequality in our society?
• How do you think we can work toward
a fairer society?
07
Development
Social Inequality
Social Inequality
Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of
resources, opportunities, and privileges among
individuals or groups in society. It encompasses
variations in wealth, power, education, and social
status, affecting people's access to rights and life
chances.
Types of
Social
Inequality
Social inequality can take various
forms, including economic
disparities, which relate to
income and wealth; gender
inequality, which affects men
and women differently; and
racial inequality, which
constitutes discrimination based
on race and ethnicity. Each type
has its unique causes and
consequences.
Effects on Society
The consequences of social inequality are profound, leading to social
unrest, reduced economic mobility, and diminished quality of life for
affected groups. It also negatively impacts overall societal cohesion,
trust, and stability, creating cycles of disadvantage that can persist
across generations.
Forms of
Inequality
Racial
Inequality
Racial inequality involves the
unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals
based on their race or ethnicity.
It manifests in various sectors,
including employment,
education, healthcare, and
criminal justice, often leading
to institutional discrimination
and socioeconomic
disadvantages for marginalized
Education Disparities
✅ Unequal access to quality education due to underfunded schools in
marginalized communities.
✅ Racial bias in discipline—students of color are more likely to face
suspensions or harsh punishments.
✅ Lack of representation in curricula—history and literature often center
on dominant racial groups, ignoring diverse perspectives.
Employment
Discrimination
✅ Racial wage gap—minority workers often earn less than their white
counterparts for the same jobs.
✅ Hiring biases—people with ethnic-sounding names may receive fewer
interview callbacks.
✅ Workplace discrimination—limited opportunities for promotions and
leadership roles for racial minorities.
Housing Discrimination and
Segregation
✅ Redlining—historical policies that denied loans to minority
communities, leading to economic disadvantages.
✅ Racial segregation—many communities still experience de facto
segregation in housing and schools.
✅ Limited access to safe and affordable housing for racial minorities.
Hate Crimes and
Violence
✅ Increased hate crimes targeting racial and ethnic minorities.
✅ Discrimination and xenophobia against immigrants and refugees.
✅ Racially motivated police brutality and excessive use of force.
Addressin
g Racial
Inequality
Promote Equal
Education
Opportunities
Fight Workplace
Discrimination
Ensure Equal
Access to
Healthcare
End Housing
Discrimination &
Segregation
Protect Voting
Rights
Combat Hate
Crimes & Racial
Violence
Gender Inequality
Gender inequality refers to the systemic disparities between men and
women regarding rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. It often
results in women facing barriers in education, career advancement,
and personal safety, perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage.
Women:
Challenges
Gender Pay
Gap and
Discrimination
“There are no colored bathrooms in this building,
or any building outside the West Campus, which is
half a mile away. Did you know that? I have to walk to
Timbuktu just to relieve myself! And I can't use one of
the handy bikes. Picture that, Mr. Harrison. My
uniform, skirt below the knees, and my heels, and
simple necklace pearls. Well, I don't own pearls. Lord
knows you don't pay the colored enough to
afford pearls! And I work like a dog day and night,
living on coffee from a pot none of you want to
touch! So, excuse me if I have to go to the restroom
a few times a day.”
- Katherine Johnson
Women:
Challenges
Underrepresentatio
n in Leadership
Roles
Women:
Challenges
Gender-based
violence
Women:
Challenges
Stereotypes and
Discrimination in
Education and
Employment
Women:
Challenges
Treating women as
objects.
Women:
Challenges
Treating women as
objects.
BREAKING And you might think I'm
STEREOTYPES weak without a sword,
But if I had one, it'd be
bigger than yours.
The marital issues are not
anymore just a private matter
between husbands
and wives. Marital issues
caused by inequality and
injustice is already a public
matter.
Men:
Challenges
Pressure to
Conform to
Traditional
Masculinity
Men:
Challenges
Discriminatio
n in family
roles
Men:
Challenges
Violence and
lack of
support
systems
Men:
Challenges
Academic
Underachieveme
nt
Men:
Challenges
Rigid gender
roles in
relationships
Let’s break the
Machismo and
Maria Clara
perception
Addressin
g Gender
Inequality
Promote Equal Opportunities
in Education & Work
✅ Encourage girls and boys to pursue any field,
✅ Ensure equal pay for equal work.
✅ Support working parents through policies like
maternity/paternity leave and flexible work hours.
Challenge Gender
Stereotypes
✅ Educate others that abilities and interests are
not limited by gender.
✅ Avoid using phrases like "boys will be boys" or
"girls should be gentle."
Strengthen Laws
and Policies
✅ Enforce laws that protect against workplace
discrimination, domestic violence, and harassment.
✅ Push for policies that ensure equal access to
healthcare and education.
Raise Awareness through
Media and Education
✅ Support media that portrays strong, diverse
gender roles.
✅ Include gender equality topics in school
curricula.
✅ Conduct workshops that challenge biases and
promote inclusion.
Encourage all
Genders as Allies
✅ Promote the idea that gender equality benefits
everyone—not just women.
✅ Encourage men to speak up against sexism and
support women's leadership.
Address Gender-
based Violence
✅ Strengthen protections against harassment and abuse.
✅ Provide safe spaces and legal support for victims.
✅ Educate communities on consent and respectful
relationships.
Start with Small
Changes in Daily Life
✅ Use gender-inclusive language.
✅ Call out sexist jokes or behaviors.
✅ Support businesses and policies that promote gender
equality.
PABAON:
Ang tunay na lakas ay hindi nasusukat sa pagiging
dominante o tahimik, at ang dangal ay hindi nakabase sa
pagsunod at pagkamasunurin. Hindi nasusukat ang
halaga ng isang lalaki sa kung gaano siya katatag sa
panlabas, at hindi rin nasasalamin ang kahalagahan ng
isang babae sa kung gaano siya kahinhin o katahimik.
Ang tunay na tapang ay nasa pagtanggap sa sariling
kahinaan, at ang tunay na kapangyarihan ay nasa
pagiging totoo sa sarili—anumang kasarian.
Thank you!
