READING AND

WRITING

PART 1 – COMPOSING
ACADEMIC TEXTS:

research proposal
 ACTIVITY

1. RSEHRCAE (_________)
2. SOARPLOP (_________)
3. CATSARBT (_________)
4. RHTEODMYLOO (_________)
5. NEAARUHTTLITVIE (_________)
 ACTIVITY

6. STMEUNOGARC (_________)
7. ISCVRUULMU VTIAE (_________)
8. STONIPIO RPEPA (_________)
9. ECJORTP POSAORLP (_________)
10. CUOMTENSD (____
 ACTIVITY

11. NISESUSB ALMEI → ___________

12. NISESUSB RNUMOEDAM → ___________
13. NISESUSB TETREL → ___________
14. PILCATIAONO TETREL → ___________
15. EFIFCO NDECROPSOCENR →
 Academic texts

- are texts which are specifically

written to be used by students
and teachers.

-There are various forms of academic

texts. Some of these are: articles, books,
essays, reports, and reviews.
 Propos
al
- A proposal is a
Here are some questions that a
request for researcher can use to build his/her

financial support proposal:

- What do you want to do? How do you
from various plan to do it?
- How much will the study costs? What
institutions to is the interest of the sponsor to the
proposed project/research?
sponsor a -What will be the impact of the study to
2 types:
research or the field of study?

Research
project. proposal -What are the past studies about it and
its current situation?
Project proposal -What is your credibility to conduct the
proposed project/research?
 Research
- the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
 Two Types of
Researches:
Quantitative Qualitative
- A quantitative research
- A qualitative research
uses systematic and
aims to understand the
objective methods in
complexity of social
order to produce a
processes and different
numeric data to explain
phenomena that affects
or prove theories or
human activities.
phenomena.
 Research
Proposal
- A research proposal is a document which shows the topic of
an investigation and its significance in the field of study.

- A research proposal is like an outline which shows all the key

elements involved in the research process.
 Parts of a Research
Proposal:
TITLE

- The title must be

concise but able to
summarize the
whole research
paper. Tip: try to
think of an
informative yet
ABSTRACT
Tips!
• Avoid using trade names,
• is a 100-250 acronyms, abbreviations or
words brief symbols in the abstract.
• Use non-evaluative
summary of the language in the abstract.
whole proposal. It • Make sure to read and
follow the instructions
includes the carefully if the abstract is
research question, to be submitted in a
conference, call- for-
rationale of the papers, or sponsorships.
study, hypothesis,
EXAMPLES
INTRODUCTION Introduction

- Clear statement of the problem

- Purpose of the study (goals and
• The introduction states objectives)
- Definitions
the problem, purpose - Significance of the
investigation
or aim of the study, - Dependent and independent
and the context of the variables of investigation
- Phenomenon and context of the
study. It also argues research
- Questions or hypothesis
the relevance of the - Possible limitations of the
research proposal
research to its field of
EXAMPLES
 LITERATURE REVIEW

- A literature review is a
compilation of one's
critical analysis of
literatures which are
relevant to the subject
area of one's research.

- It analyzes the ideas

present in the subject area
of one's research and
identifies the questions
which are left unanswered
 Common Mistakes Tips!

- lacks organization and - Try to look for primary

structure coherence resources as much as possible.
- Update oneself about the
- lacks focus, unity, and
current studies made on the
coherence
subject area
- repetitive and verbose - Don't forget to integrate and
- fails to cite influential synthesize the literatures-this
studies will demonstrate your
- fails to cite updated studies knowledge and ability to be able
- fails to critically evaluate to contribute new and
cited literatures substantial knowledge about
 METHODOLOGY
Parts of a research
methodology

- The methodology - Research design

- Pilot Study
includes the outline - Situation analysis (setting
and participants)
of the entire work - Instrumentation
- Materials
plan and strategies - Procedure Data processing /
Analysis
that the research - Validation procedure

will follow.
EXAMPLES
 DISCUSSION (Scope and
Limitations) Tip:

- The discussions section - Be confident writing

tackles the coverage of the the discussions
research proposal. This is section, but avoid
also the part where the exaggerating the
researcher must mention the merits of the proposal.
limitations and weaknesses
of the proposed research - The results and
with the consideration of discussion sections
different constraints such as can be combined if
time and finances. deemed necessary.
EXAMPLES
 - Apparatus - Budget

In writing
your - Timetable
- Management
plan
research
proposal,
take into - Materials - References
considerati
on the
- Facilities
following
things:
 Common Mistakes:

- Failure to provide the context of the

research question.
- Failure to delimit the boundary of the
research.
- Failure to properly cite sources and
references.
- Failure to follow a consistent, coherent,
and persuasive arguments.
- Failure to provide information relevant to
 SUMMARY

Research proposal

- is a document which shows the

topic of an investigation and its
significance in the field of study
Parts of a research paper

- title
- abstract
-introduction
- literary review
- research methods
- discussions
 Part 2 -
Composing
Academic
Texts:
project
proposal
 Project
Proposal
- A project proposal is a document
which outlines the details of proposed
project to be given to potential
sponsors or clients to receive funding or
approval.

- There is no specific format that fits in

all kinds of project proposals. Each
project proposal varies depending on
the subject area, objectives, and the
institutions which a project is proposed
 - Goals and objectives: Think about the goals that the proposed
project would like to accomplish.
Things t - Significance: Evaluate the importance of the proposed project, the
o prepar - Project
stakeholders, and how it will be justified by previous works.

e before plan: Prepare possible strategies that can be done to

writing - Timeline: Provide a generous yet realistic timeline. It is still part of

accomplish the goals and objectives of the desired project.

a projec the project plan, but it is more efficient to draft a timeline to back up the
t propos project.
al. - Resources: Think about the resources that one can and will use in the
project. i.e. contacts, facilities, experts, and volunteers
- Preparation: Think about the skills, knowledge, and connections that
one have to be able to accomplish the project.
- Budget: Think about the money that will be needed for the project.
PARTS OF
A
PROJECT
PROPOSA
TITLE
 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
- a brief summary of the proposal
highlighting the proposed technical and
management approach to accomplish
the proposed project.

- One third or half of a page

- It is the most important part of the

whole project proposal. This is the part
that grant reviewer to asses and decide
if they will approve and fund the project
or not.
 INTRODUCTION
- The introduction states the problem,
purpose or aim of the study, and the
proposed solution of the project
proposal.

Introduction (1-2 paragraphs)

Motivation statement (1-2 sentences)

Summary of the problem (1-2 sentences)
Proposed solution (1-2 sentences)
Flow of the whole proposal
 MOTIVATION
- The motivation part of the project proposal
discusses the problem, its history, effects,
and the current solutions

Motivation (1-3 paragraphs)

- History of the problem
- Cause of the problem
- Impact of the problem
- Current solution to address the problem
- Similar solutions to the one being proposed.
- Prediction about the problem
 PROJECT
SUMMARY
- The project summary lists a general
idea about the proposed project. It
needs to answer who will be doing the
project, when & where will it be done,
why must it be done, and how will it be
handled and accomplished.

Project summary (1-2 paragraphs)

- General idea about the project being

proposed
 PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
- The project objectives state explicitly
the goals of the proposed project.

- SMART GOALS
Specific - What exactly is the end goal of the
proposed project?
Measure - What will be the measurement of
evaluation of each process and activities in the
proposed project
Attainable - Are the goals realistic to the time
allocated? Is it reachable?
Realistic - Are the goals and steps of the project
doable?
Time-bound - Can the project beat the deadline
 PROJECT
DETAILS
A.) Architecture and
environment

- What is the environment of

the project?
- It includes all software,
hardware, language, tools,
organizations, and everything
which will affect the facilitation
of the project.
 PROJECT
DETAILS
D.) Challenges and
Limitations

- It includes all the possible

issues, challenges, and
limitations of the
implementation of the
proposed project.
- It also includes the
strategies to address these
 REFERENCES

- It lists all the literature

and documents used to
write the project
proposal and will be
used in the project.
SUMMAR Project Proposal
Y – is a document which
outlines the details of
proposed project to be
given to potential
sponsors or clients to
receive funding or
approval
 Parts of a project proposal
SUMMAR - title
Y - executive
- summary
- introduction
- motivation
- project summary
- project objectives
- project details
- conclusion
- references
Part 3
composing
academic texts:

position
paper
 Position
- A position paper is an essay which
Paper
presents an arguable opinion about a
certain issue. It is thoroughly examined
with arguments addressing all sides of the
issue, yet understandable for the reader.
- It is important to support all claims
with evidence to ensure validity and
refute further counterclaims.

- The goal of a position paper is to

convince the readers that its claims are
valid and defensible.
Parts of a
position
paper
INTRODUCTI
- It includes the statement of
ONthe issue, background of the
topic, and the thesis
statement. 1. Introduction
A. Statement of the issue
B. Background of the topic
C. Thesis statement
NOTE: Thesis statement is a one-
sentence statement of the central
idea of the whole paper.
Tips in Writing a Thesis
Statement
- Think of a single question that you
want to discuss in your paper.
- Brainstorm for the topic that you
want to discuss
- Make sure that it is arguable and
justifiable.
- Narrow down the topic until you
have one main idea for the whole
paper.
- A thesis statement must be concise
and specific, yet covers the whole
discussion.
EXAMPLE:
"Should Schools Implement a Four-Day School
Week?"
I. Introduction
In recent years, the idea of a four-day school week has
gained attention as an alternative to the traditional five-
day schedule. Advocates argue that it can reduce
student burnout and improve learning efficiency, while
critics claim it may negatively affect academic
performance and working parents. This paper argues
that a four-day school week should be implemented in
schools as it enhances student well-being, improves
academic outcomes, and provides economic benefits.
COUNTER
- It includes the summary of
ARGUMENTS
the counterclaims
II. Counter arguments
A. Summary of the
counterclaims
B. Supporting details of the
claims
Tip: Thinking about allagainst
C. Rebuttals possible the
counter
arguments of your claim will help you
counterclaims.
broaden your perspective and be able to
strengthen your arguments.
EXAMPLE:
II. Counterarguments

Opponents of the four-day school week argue that it

reduces instructional time, which could negatively
impact student learning, especially in subjects
requiring consistent practice, such as math and
science. Additionally, some parents worry about child
care on the extra day off, as many families rely on
schools to provide a structured environment for their
children while they work.
ARGUMENTS
- are the main points that
supports your stance on an issue
Tips: Use evidence like statistical evidence,
scientific facts, and events to support your
arguments. Examine the strengths and
weaknesses of your position. You can also
define the limitations of your arguments,
but back it up with reasons why your claim
is still valid. You can also suggest a possible
solution or course of action to enhance
your initial claim.
ARGUMENTS
III. Arguments

A. First Point
1. Summary of the first point
2. Supporting arguments for the first point (at
least three)
B. Second Point
1. Summary of the second point
2. Supporting arguments for the second point (at
least three)
C. Third Point
1. Summary of the third point
2. Supporting arguments for the third point (at
EXAMPLE:
III. Arguments

Despite these concerns, studies show that a four-day school

week can actually improve student performance. Research
from districts that have adopted this schedule indicates
increased attendance, higher test scores, and reduced
discipline issues. Moreover, longer class periods allow for
deeper engagement with subjects. Additionally, schools can
save on operational costs such as electricity, transportation,
and food services, which can be redirected toward enhancing
educational resources. Lastly, having an extra day off can help
students recover from stress, leading to better mental health
and overall well-being.
CONCLUSI
ON
- restates all the
arguments and
discusses a plan of
action without
introducing new
information or the
implications of the
EXAMPLE:
IV. Conclusion

While some concerns about instructional time

and child care exist, the benefits of a four-day
school week outweigh these drawbacks. With
improved student performance, cost savings, and
better mental health, schools should consider
this alternative schedule as a step toward a more
effective and balanced education system.
 SUMMARY
A position paper is an essay
which presents an arguable
opinion about a certain issue.
It is thoroughly examined with
arguments addressing all
sides of the issue, yet
understandable for the reader.
 SUMMARY
The main parts of a position
paper are:

1. Introduction
II. Counterarguments
III. Arguments
IV. Conclusion
 PA RT 4

Composing
professional
texts
Professional texts
- are used for professional
correspondence with an
institution, organization, or a
company.

- It communicates a specific
purpose and is written in a
formal voice.

- It usually follows a prescribed

Professional texts:

Documents

Letters
Documents
- readily present information
about a person that is typically
requested as a requirement
prior to professional
engagement.

- Common examples are

resume and curriculum vitae
(CV), which are used in job
 note:

There are at least three

essential factors to
consider in composing a
resume or a CV:
purpose, content, and
format.
 Most
important
parts of a
resume or a
CV:
Purpose:
- A resume commonly provides the recipient a
first impression. Meanwhile, a CV presents a
person's track record.

Content
- Both presents who the sender is in relation to the
job position so content should be written to
effectively do so.

- Content covers all that the texts in a resume or a

CV, it answers the questions: What information
 Name and
Basic Contact
Details
- A resume and a CV share similar
parts. First among the list is the
name and basic contact details.

- We can at least provide our

complete permanent address, all
active numbers both mobile and
telephone, and our professional e-
mail address
Educational
attainment
- While a CV calls for complete
enumeration, a resume only
requires highlights so we may
ought to only provide
attainments we consider
relevant to the position.
Work
Experience
- reflects our professional
background. While a CV still
calls for a complete listing, a
resume only requires relevant
ones so we may provide only a
few but describe our
experiences.
Character
reference
lists down people who can be
referred to about who we are
personally, academically, and
professionally. People listed in
here will most probably be
contacted anytime so make
sure people listed here are
Resume: Skills
and
-Qualifi cations
Although optional, a
qualifications segment defines a
resume since it highlights our
strengths as a professional.

- The skills listed in here should

reflect what we can efficiently
and effectively do. Otherwise, it
might provide the recipient a
 CV: Researches
and Publications
- Meanwhile, researches and
publications defines a CV. This
segment is dedicated to present
the papers we were able to
publish. Publication is considered
a form of professional
achievement and is given merit
so written and published
researches and articles are
Resume and CV:
Content
NOTE:

- Reverse chronology can used as a guide

in how entries should be ordered. Most
recent events are considered more
relevant than older ones.

- Unlike a CV that is usually at least two

pages, a resume can only be, at most,
two pages so always consider relevance
Resume and CV:
Format
- Format is not only concerned with how the
final look should be like but also how it
should appeal to the recipient.

- While a resume and a CV should maintain

its formality as much as possible, some
companies allow people to submit a creative
resume
.
- Readability and formality are the topmost
 Resume and CV:
Format
Font style: Common fonts such as Times
New Roman and Arial are mostly used and
the

font size: should range between 12-14.

Page Margins: 1" on all sides as much as

possible.

Spacing: Single space should be used

 Timely - Prioritizes more
Ideal recent events.
Characteristi
cs of a Error-Free - presents
accurate information.
Resume or
Complete - Provides all the
CV (TECHy- relevant details.
Timely,
Error-free, Handsome - Designed
neatly and accordingly.
Complete,
 SUMMARY
Documents readily present information about a person
that is typically requested as a requirement prior to
professional engagement.

Common examples are resume and curriculum vitae

(CV), which are used in job application.

There are at least three essential factors to consider in

composing them: purpose, content, and format.
Remember to make it TECHy- Timely, Error-free,
Complete, and Handsome
SUMMARY
A. Writing
Application
Letters
 Application
letters
- are important
documents that help you
introduce yourself to a
school or employer.
Whether you are
applying for college
admission or a job, a
well-written application
letter can make a strong
 Parts of an
Application Letter:
 HEADING/ Return Address
- This is the address of the person writing the letter.

- This is also called Letter Head or Heading in business

correspondence or if used in a particular institution.

- It is usually placed in the top part of the letter either

Left align, center or right.
 DATELINE

- It is the complete date the letter was written.

- It is placed below the return address.

- Followed the DepEd Manual Of Style (DMOS) format,

Month + Day + Year.

(ex: November 15, 2021)

 INSIDE ADDRESS

- The complete name of the recipient of the letter

including his position or designation, name of the
company or office and its address
\
 SALUTATION

- The greeting addressed to the

recipient of the letter
\

Salutation uses 2 punctuation

marks
Colon (:)

• is the
punctuation
mark used in
formal letter or
business letters.
This is called the
CLOSED
PUNCTUATION
STYLE.
Comma (,)

• it is used for
informal or
friendly
letters. This is
called the
OPEN
PUNCTUATION
STYLE.
 BODY OF THE LETTER
- It contains the important message you want to convey
the recipient. It requires a concise and direct purpose.

\
BODY OF THE LETTER

\
 COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE

- This is the ending of the letter placed

after the body.

example: Sincerely yours, Truly yours,

Respectfully yours, Yours truly, Cordially
yours,
 NAME & SIGNATURE
- This is the complete name of the writer
affixing his signature.
 E-SIGNATURE
- is allowed or valid in letters sent online.

- The signature must be at Center and Over

the printed name.
 Types of
application
letter
 • College
Admission Letter
- is also known as the "letter
of intent"

- refers to a document that

expresses your intent and
interest in applying for a
collegiate program.
Essentially, it lets
admissions officers know
more about you and gives
you an opportunity to
emphasize your
 • Employment Application Letter
- is widely known as a "cover letter".

- is a formal document used to introduce oneself to a potential

employer.

- It serves as a tool to express interest in a job position,

highlight relevant skills and qualifications, and demonstrate
suitability for the role.

- is usually submitted with a resume.

Three commonly
used application
letter formats:
 1. Block Format
- is the most common layout for application
letters

- All parts of the letter are aligned to the left

margin.

- There is no indentation at the beginning of

paragraphs.

- It provides a clean and formal appearance,

 2. Modified Block Format
- is slightly different from the block format. In
this format:

- The heading, date, complimentary close, and

signature are aligned slightly to the right of
the center.

- The body paragraphs remain aligned to the

left.
 3. Semi-Block Format
- the least commonly used among the three.

- It shares similarities with the Modified Block

Format, with one key difference: The
paragraphs of the body are indented instead of
being fully aligned to the left.

- This format appears more formal but is less

preferred in modern business communication
due to its less uniform alignment.
 B. VARIOUS
FORMS OF
OFFICE
CORRESPONDE
NCE
 OFFICE
CORRESPONDENCE/BUSINESS
- Written communication
CORRESPONDENCE
used in a business or
professional setting for
exchanging information.

- Purpose: To ensure
clarity, professionalism,
and proper documentation
of communication.
 TWO TYPES:
Internal External
Correspondence Correspondence

– Communication
– Communication
between different
within the same organizations or
organization (e.g., individuals (e.g.,
memos, emails, business letters,
notices). emails, proposals).
 B U S I N E SS L E T T E R
- is the
traditional
way of
communicatin
g information
from one
company to
another or
used in
external
 - T H E F O R M AT C A N
EITHER BE:
Full Block Modified Block Semi-Block
Format Format Format

– Date, closing, – Similar

– All text and signature to modified
is left- are right- block but
aligned aligned; body with
with no is left-aligned. indented
indentati paragraphs
VARIOUS
TYPES OF
LET TER S
ARE:
 1. SALES LETTER
A persuasive
letter used to
promote a
product or
service to
potential
customers. It
aims to generate
sales by
 2. ORDER LETTER
A letter used to
request goods
or services
from a supplier,
including order
details,
quantity, and
payment terms.
3. COMPLAINT LETTER
A formal letter
written to
express
dissatisfaction
with a product,
service, or
experience,
requesting
5. ADJUSTMENT LETTER
A response to
a complaint
letter that
addresses the
customer’s
concerns and
provides a
 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
LETTER
A letter
confirming
receipt of
documents,
payments, or
orders, often
used in
business
 7. FOLLOW-UP LETTER
A letter sent
after a previous
interaction,
such as an
interview or
sales meeting,
to reinforce
interest or
 8. COVER LETTER
- A letter
submitted with
a resume when
applying for a
job, introducing
the applicant
and explaining
their
 9. LETTER OF
RECOMMENDATION
- A letter
written by
someone who
can vouch for
an individual’s
skills, work
ethic, or
character, often
10. LETTER OF RESIGNATION

A formal
letter
notifying an
employer of
an employee’s
decision to
leave a job.
 B U S I N E SS
MEMORANDUM
- also known as memo

- is a written communication strictly between the

company’s offi ces to another or used in internal
correspondence.

- A memo has its title line and series number.

- Employees tend to read the memorandum if the title

line is related to their job description.

- Memos are also used to implement internal

 B U S I N E SS
MEMORANDUM
 B U S I N E SS E - M A I L
- is an offi ce correspondence that can either be
internal or external.

- There is no required format in writing e-mail

correspondence, but itis expected that the writer
maintains a professional tone.

- Note that the header of the letter is written on

the blank fields including the ‘from’ and ‘to’
fields. ‘From’ contains e-mail from the sender
while the field ‘to’ contains the email of the
B U S I N E SS E - M A I L
 HERE ARE SOME REMINDERS IN
C O M P L E T I N G T H E PA RT S O F A
MEMORANDUM:
• If you have an attachment on enclosure notation,
type “Enclosure” or “Attachment”.An Enclosure is
something included with the memo while an
Attachment is a supporting document attached by
a paper clip, staple, etc.

• If copies are being sent to others, add notation cc

(carbon copies or courtesy copies) line and list of
names at the bottom of the memo.
Quiz Time
 directions
Instructions: Match the
types of application
letters and business
letters in Column A with
their correct definitions
in Column B. Write the
letter of the correct
answer on the space
 Column B
Column A
A. A letter used to request goods or services from a supplier, including
order details, quantity, and payment terms.
1. College Admission
B. A letter sent after a previous interaction, such as an interview or sales
Letter meeting, to reinforce interest or maintain communication.
C. A persuasive letter used to promote a product or service to potential
2. Employment customers, aiming to generate sales by highlighting benefits.

Application Letter D. A formal document used to introduce oneself to a potential employer

and highlight relevant skills and qualifications.
3. Sales Letter E. A letter confirming receipt of documents, payments, or orders, often
used in business transactions.
4. Order Letter
F. A letter used to express dissatisfaction with a product, service, or
5. Complaint Letter experience, requesting resolution.
G. A document expressing intent and interest in applying for a collegiate
6. Inquiry Letter program, commonly referred to as a "letter of intent."
7. Adjustment Letter H. A formal response to a complaint letter that addresses concerns and
provides a solution.
8. Acknowledgment I. A letter notifying an employer of an employee’s decision to leave a job.
J. A letter used to ask for information about a product, service, or company
Letter
before making a decision.
THANK YOU!