SJUCET – EECE Dept.
ANALOGY & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
EET05104
Unit 2 – SPECIAL FUNCTION ICs
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC
By DAVID JUMA, BSc.
EECE Department
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Lecture 2-3: Outline
1 Monostable Operation
2 Astable Operation
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
Mr. David Juma, BSc.: SJCET – EECE Dept.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Modes of Operation of IC 555 Timer
The timer basically operates in one of two
modes: either
(i) Monostable (one - shot)
multivibrator or (ii)Astable (free running)
multivibrator
.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Modes of Operation of IC 555 Timer
A) Monostable Multivibrator
A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a
one-shot multivibrator.
It is a pulse generator circuit in which the duration
of the pulse is determined by the R-C network,
connected externally to the 555 timer.
Has one stable state of the output while the other
is quasistable (unstable).
For auto-triggering of output from quasistable
state to stable state energy is stored by an
externally connected capacitor C to a reference
level.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Modes of Operation of IC 555 Timer
A) Monostable Multivibrator
The time taken in storage determines the
pulse width. The transition of output from
stable state to quasi-stable state is
accomplished by external triggering. The
schematic of a 555 timer in monostable
mode of operation is shown in figure
below (next slide).
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
A) Monostable Multivibrator
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Modes of Operation of IC 555 Timer
A) Monostable Multivibrator
Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2.
In quiescent condition of output this input is kept at +
Vcc
To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-
stable state, a negative-going pulse of narrow width (a
width smaller than expected pulse width of output
waveform) and amplitude of greater than + 2/3 V is
applied to pin 2.
Output is taken from pin 3.
Pin 4 is usually connected to + V to avoid accidental
reset..
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Modes of Operation of IC 555 Timer
A) Monostable Multivibrator
Pin 5 is grounded through a 0.01 u
F capacitor to avoid noise problem.
Pin 6 (threshold) is shorted to pin 7.
A resistor R is connected between pins 6
and 8. At pins 7 a discharge capacitor is
connected while pin 8 is connected to
supply Vcc .
ANALOGY & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Special ICs
555 TIMER
monostable-
multivibrator-
operation
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
555 monostable-multivibrator-operation
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Monostable-multivibrator-operation
Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the
circuit is in a stable state, the transistor is on
and capacitor- C is shorted to ground.
When a negative pulse is applied to pin 2, the
trigger input falls below +1/3 V, the output of
comparator goes high which resets the flip-flop
and consequently the transistor turns off and
the output at pin 3 goes high. This is the
transition of the output from stable to quasi-
stable state, as shown in figure.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
555 monostable-multivibrator-operation
As the discharge transistor is cut off, the
capacitor C begins charging toward +V through
resistance R with a time constant equal to RC.
When the increasing capacitor voltage
becomes slightly greater than +2/3 V, the
output of comparator 1 goes high, which sets
the flip-flop. The transistor goes to saturation,
thereby discharging the capacitor C and the
output of the timer goes low, as illustrated in
figure.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Monostable-multivibrator-operation
Thus the output returns back to stable
state from quasistable state.
The output of the Monostable
Multivibrator remains low until a trigger
pulse is again applied. Then the cycle
repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and
capacitor voltage waveforms are shown
in figure.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
555 monostable-multivibrator-operation
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Monostable-multivibrator-operation
Design Equation Summary:
Refer the general equation for instantaneous
voltage across the capacitor, given as;
When initial voltage is 0V then the equation is reduced to
Where V is Vmax
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Summary:
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Summary:
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation:
The capacitor C has to charge through resistance
R. The larger the time constant RAC, the longer it
takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3Vcc .
In other words, the RC time constant controls the
width of the output pulse. The time during which
the timer output remains high is given as t =
1.0986 RAC
where RA is in ohms and C is in farads. The above
relation is derived as below. Voltage across the
capacitor at any instant during charging period is
given as 𝑽 =𝑽 (𝟏 −
𝑪 𝑪𝑪
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation:
Substituting v = 2/3 Vcc in above equation we
get the time taken by the capacitor to charge
from 0 to +2/3Vcc .
So pulse width, tp = 1.0986 RAC ≈ 1.1 RAC (sec)
The pulse width of the circuit may range from
micro-seconds to many seconds. This circuit is
widely used in industry for many different
timing applications.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation
Control Voltage:
By imposing a voltage at control voltage pin, the
comparator reference levels may be shifted either
higher or lower than the nominal levels of one
third and two thirds of the supply voltage.
Varying the voltage at this point will vary the
timing. This feature of the timer opens a multitude
of application possibilities such as using the timer
as a voltage-controlled oscillator, pulse-width
modulator, etc.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Control Voltage:
To have the noise filtering of control voltage,
the pin 5 is grounded through a small bypass
capacitor (0.01uF)
To avoid accidental reset, pin 4 is connected to
pin 8 which is +Vcc.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Summary of Monostable Operation:
.
Mr. David Juma, BSc.: SJCET – EECE Dept.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
IC555 TIMER - Astable Multivibrator:
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
IC555 TIMER - Astable Multivibrator:
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Waveforms of Astable Operation
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
1-Initial State S=1 R=0 -> Q=1 Q’=0 (C begins to
charge)
• Initially capacitor is discharged or empty.
thisAt time VTH > VC causes output of the
comparator 1 to be 0 so R=0 and VTL > VC
causes output of the comparator 2 to be 1 so
Juma, BSc.:
S=1.
For S=1 and R=0 , Q=1 (high, Vcc) and Q’=0 (low,
0V). Thus Vo is high and transistor is OFF.
• Capacitor C will charge up through the series
Mr. David
combination of RA and RB , and the
voltage across it, Vc, will rise exponentially
toward Vcc.
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
2- Vc ≥ VTL , comparator 2 -> Low S=0 R=0 ->
Q=1 Q’=0 (no change , C is still charging)
As Vc crosses the level equal to VTL , the output
of the comparator 2 goes low. (Vc ≥ VTL,
comparator 2 -> Low). This however has no
effect on the circuit operation because this will
Mr. David Juma, BSc.:
make the inputs of the flip-flop as S=0 and R=0
(no change state) which means outputs of flip-
flop will remain same.
This state continues until Vc reaches and begins
to exceed the threshold of comparator 1, VTH.
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
3- Vc ≥ VTH , comparator 1 -> High S=0 R=1 -> Q=0
Q’=1 (C begins to discharge)
When Vc reaches and begins to exceed VTH ,
the output of the comparator 1 goes high and
resets the flip flop( S=0 R=1 -> Q=0 Q’=1). Thus
Vo goes low, Q goes high and so transistor is
Juma, BSc.:
turned ON.
The saturated transistor causes a voltage of
approximately 0V to appear at the common
node of RA and RB. Thus C begins to discharge
thru RB and the collector of the transistor.
Mr. David
Note that R = 1(flip-flop input) for a very short
time.
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
4- Vc ≤ VTH , comparator 1 -> Low S=0 R=0 ->
Q=0 Q’=1 (no change, C continues to
discharge )
VC will drop again below VTH immediately
after discharging process is started. S=0
Juma, BSc.:
and R=0 will not affect the system(no
change state)
The voltage Vc decreases exponentially
with a time constant RB.C toward [Link]
Mr. David
state will continue until Vc reaches VTL.
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
5 - Vc ≤ VTL, comparator 2 -> High S=1 R=0 -> Q=1
Q’=0(C begins to charge)
When Vc reaches the threshold of comparator 2 ,
VTL, the output of comparator 2 goes high and
then S=1 R=0 causes Q=1 and Q’=0. Thus output
Vo goes high and Q’ goes low , turning off the
transistor.
Juma, BSc.:
Capacitor C begins to charge through the series
equivalent of RA and RB , and its voltage rises
exponentially toward Vcc with a time constant
(RA+RB)C. This rise continues until Vc reaches VTH,
Mr. David
at which time the output of comparator 1 goes
high , resetting the flip-flop , and the cycle goes
on.
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
555 TIMER
Design Equation: Duty Cycle
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Waveforms of Astable Operation
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Explanations:
𝑽𝑪 𝒕 = 𝑽𝑪𝑪 𝟏 −
Juma, BSc.:
𝒆−𝒕Τ𝑹𝑪
𝑽𝑪 𝒕 = 𝟏−
𝑽𝑪𝑪
𝒆−𝒕𝟏Τ𝑹𝑪
�
�ൗ𝟑 𝑽𝒄𝒄 =
𝟏−
��
𝑽ൗ𝒄𝒄𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏−
Mr. David
𝟑
𝒕𝟐 = 𝑹𝑪𝒍𝒏(𝟑)
𝒆−𝒕𝟏= 𝟏.
Τ𝑹𝑪
𝑽𝒄𝒄 𝒆−𝒕 Τ 𝑹𝑪
𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟔𝑹𝑪
𝟐
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Explanations:
𝒕𝒄 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟎.
𝟔𝟗𝟑𝑹𝑪
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Explanations:
𝑽𝒄 = 𝒆−𝒕𝒅Τ𝑹𝑩
�ൗ
𝟑 𝑽𝒄𝒄
JUma, BSc.:
� 𝑪
��ൗ
𝟑 𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝒆−𝒕𝒅Τ𝑹𝑩
��ൗ𝒕𝒅𝑽= 𝟎.
𝑪
𝟔𝟗𝟑𝑹𝑩𝑪
𝟑 𝒄𝒄
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation Explanations:
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation: Duty Cycle
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Design Equation: Duty Cycle
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
If RA is much smaller than RB duty cycle approaches to
50% and the output waveform approaches to square
wave.
Lecture 2-3: Timer IC [IC 555]
Exercise
1. Design & simulate the circuit for the
Monostable Multivibrator using timer
that should turn ON LED immediately
after pressing push button and should hold
LED in ‘ON’ state for 5seconds. Choose
capacitor value 10μF.
2. Design & simulate the circuit for the Astable
Multivibrator using timer that which will
flash the LED such that its ON time will be
6seconds and OFF time will be 3
seconds. Choose capacitor value 10μF.
.
