yantropakaranani-II

Concept of puta

By
[Link].G
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT OF RSBK
SPSAMC
INTRODUCTION :-
• Bhasma is a unique dosage form described in Rasa shastra. For Marana of
rasadi dravya puta is given.
• Significance :- Every drug has its own peak temperature to get convert
into nano particle size. According to it heat given to it varies. In order to
provide heat as per their need puta is essential.
• Nirukti :-
• The name Puta denotes that the material to be heated in heating device -
"Sharava Samputa".
• "Puta Samshleshane Tudadi Puta Samsarge Putayathi Tudadi(SKD)
• The word Puta a masculine gender word, means "Slesha" being suffixed
by "Ghna" pratyaya finally Puta word is having the meaning of
(samshleshane) adhesion or to give support.
• ‘Put' word used in the same of Samshleshane and Samsarga, categorized
under "Tudadi gana" to mean the same object as described above.
Definition / Laxanas of Puta

रसादिद्रव्यपाकानां प्रमाणज्ञापनं पुटम् ।

नेष्टो न्यूनाधिक: पाकः सुपाकं हितमौषधम् ।।(R. R. S. 10/47)

रसोपरसलोहादेः पाकमानप्रमापकम् ।
उत्पलायग्निसंयोगात् यत्तदत्र पुटं स्मृतम् ||(R. T. 3/32)

Puta is the measured and the methodical way of heat application during
the pharmaceutical procedures carried out on 'rasa dravya'.

It is the one that indicates the degree of heat, the intensity of heat and
the number of times heat is applied to any of the rasa, mahārasa,
uparasa, sādhāraṇa rasa, dhatu, ratna, uparatna etc during their
processing.
Texts describing puta and their period Rasendra Mangala 7th-8th century
Rasa Hridaya tantra 9th 10th century
Chakrapani in chakradatta 11th century
Rasarnava 12th century
Ananda Kanda 12th century
Rasendra Chudamani 12th century
Vanga sena of chikitsa and sara 12th century
Rasa Ratna Samuchaya 13th century
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara 13th century
Rasendra Chintamani 13th century
Rasendra Sara Sangraha 13th century
Sharangadhara Samhita 14th Century
Rasachintamani 15th century
Bhavaprakasha 16th century
Rasa Kamadhenu 16th century
Ayurveda Prakasha 17th century
Ayurveda Rasashastra 17th century
Brahat rasaraja Sundara 19th century
Rasa Tarangini 20th century
Rasa Jalanidhi 20th century
Ayurveda sara samgraha 20th century
Rasa raja mahodadhi 20th century
Rasayana sara 20th century
Rasendra purana 20th century
PUTA SANKHYA

• The decision over the number of 'putas' to be applied largely depends on the
nature of drug i.e hardness, density, melting point etc .
• In general - 10 to 100 putas are recommended for many rasa dravya.
• In case of Abhraka bhasma – a) 10-500 puta for Vajeerkaranartha
b) 100-1000 puta for Rasayanartha. (RSS 1/35)
• Gouripashana – 1 puta
• Shankha, shukti, kaparda – 3 putas
• Swarna, tamra etc – 1- 40 putas
According to the source of heat, Puta is of three types i.e.
• Chandra Puta
• Surya Puta
• Agni Puta
Chandra Puta- While giving Chandra Puta, the material is kept under the moon light. This process is called as
Chandra or Soma puta.
Examples:- Chandraputa of Pravala pishti (3rd method in Rasatantra Siddhaprayoga Sangraha; Part-I),
mouktika pishti
Surya Puta-
द्रव्याणां भावितानान्तु भावनौषधजै रसैः ।
शोषणं सूर्यतापे यत्तत्सूर्यपुटमुच्यते ।।(R.T 3/37)
Dravya after giving bhavana of the indicated drava is kept under the sunlight until the liquid gets dried up.
This process is called Surya Puta or Roudra puta or bhanu paka.
Examples:-
Silajatu Sodhana (R. T. 22/69-78)
Bhanu paka of "loha cürna' (R. T. 20/21)
Agni Puta- It is given using cow dung cakes.
Different types of Agni Puta are mentioned in Rasa grantha according to the number of cow dung cakes and
the measurements of the pit to be used.
Upala paryaya
पिष्टकं छगणं छाणमुत्पलं चोपलं तथा ।
गिरिण्डोपलसाठी च वराटी छगणाभिधाः ||(RRS 10/65)।।
उपलं चोत्पलं ख्यातं गिरिएडं पिष्टकं तथा ।
छाणन छगणश्चैव करीषश्च निगद्यते ॥(R.T 3/50)॥
• Upala (dry natural cow dung cake) is also called as
• Utpala
• Girinda
• Pishtaka
• Chana
• Chagana
• Karisha
• Sati
• Varati
All these words are used in classics to indicate dry cow dung cakes.
These Puta are named mainly on basis of name of animals, which indicate their
size and temperature range as follows.
• Maha puta
• Gaja puta
• Varaha puta
• Kukkuta puta
• Kapota puta
• Lavaka puta
• Gorvara puta
• Bhanda puta
• Valuka puta
• Bhudhara puta
Maha puta
निम्नविस्तरतः कुण्डे द्विहस्ते चतुरस्त्रके ।
वनोत्पलसहस्रेण पूरिते पुटनौषधम् ।।५१।।
कौच्यां रुद्धं प्रयत्नेन पिष्टिकोपरि निक्षिपेत् ।
वनोत्पलसहस्त्रार्द्धं क्रौंचिकोपरि विन्यसेत् ।।
वहिं प्रज्वालयेत्तत्र महापुटमिदं स्मृतम् ।। RRS 10/ 52 ।।
• A cylindrical/cubic pit measuring 'half vyāma' (36 inches) in breadth and depth
is prepared. The pit is filled with dry natural cow dung cakes upto the brim.
Over that, sampuțita dravya (drug pallets enclosed in a sarāva samputa or the
drug material taken in a crucible) is firmly placed. Now, rest half of the dry cow
dung cakes are heaped up above and ignited. This is called as 'maha puța'.
The major difference between the two references are;
• In R T reference, there was no mention about number of 'vanopala' (natural
cow dung cakes) but in RRS reference of 1500 cow dung cakes (1000 at the
base and 500 above the enclosed medicine) are mentioned.
 • Gaja puta
राजहस्तप्रमाणेन चतुरस्त्रं च निम्नकम् ।
पूर्णञ्चोपलसाठीभिः कण्ठावध्यथ विन्यसेत् ।।
५३।।
विन्यसेत्कुमुदीं तत्र पुटनद्रव्यपूरिताम् ।
पूर्णच्छगणतोऽर्धानि गिरिण्डानि विनिक्षिपेत्
।।
एतद्गजपुटं प्रोक्तं महागुणविधायकम् ।।(R R S
10/54)।।
• A cylindrical / cubic pit measuring one 'nrupa hasta' (Rajahasta-30 Angula i.e
58.5cms) in breadth and depth is prepared.
• The pit is filled with dry natural cow dung cakes upto the brim. Over that,
samputita dravya is firmly placed.
• Now half of the earlier filled dry natural cow dung cakes are heaped up above
and ignited.
• The pit accommodates 1000 dry cow dung cakes. This is called as 'gajaputa'.
Synonyms of Gajaputa :- Dhruda puta, kunjara puta, Mahisha puta.
The major difference between the two references are;
• In R. T, it is asked to fill half of the pit with dry cow dung cakes, place the
enclosed medicine and later fill the remaining pit with cakes up to the brim.
However, in RRS reference the pit is filled up to the brim with cakes at base,
enclosed medicine is placed and over that half of the numbers of cakes filled
at the base are spread over the top of the medicine.
However, in both cases the pit may accommodate 1000 dry natural cow dung
cakes.
Acharya Yadavji Trikamaji has mentioned the Ardha Gaja puta in the context of
preparation of bhasmas like Kamsya, pittala and Vanga.
 Varaha puta
इत्थं चारन्तिके कुण्डे पुटं वाराहमुच्यते ।।
(RRS 10/55)।।
कुण्डे त्वरत्निमानेन चतुरस्रे तथो ।
पुटं यद् दीयते तत्तु वाराहपुटमुच्यते ।।(RT
3/41)।।
• A cubical pit measuring one 'aratni' (16.5 inches; distance between elbow
joint and little finger tip) in length, breadth and height is prepared. The pit is
filled with dry natural cow dung cakes upto the neck.
• Over that, sampuțita dravya is firmly placed. Over that half of the earlier
placed dry cowdung cakes are heaped and ignited. This is called as
'varahapuţa".
• Synonyms :- Varanya puta, Kroundya puta
Kukkuta puta
पुटं भूमितले यत्तद्वितस्तिद्वितयोच्छ्रयम् ।
तावच्च तलविस्तीर्णं तत्स्यात्कुक्कुटकं पुटम् ।।(RRS
10/56)।।

वितस्तिद्वयमानेन निम्ने च चतुरस्रके ।

पुटं यद्दोयते तत्त मतं कुक्कुटकं बुधैः ॥(R.T 3/42)॥
• A cubical pit measuring two 'vitasti' (18 inches); (distance between tips of
stretched thumb and little finger) in length, breadth and height is prepared.
• The pit is filled with dry natural cow dung cakes upto the neck. Over that,
samputita dravya (drug pellets enclosed in a sarāva samputa or the drug mate
rial taken in a crucible) is firmly placed.
• Now half of the earlier placed cow dung cakes are heaped above the pit and
ignited. This is called as "kukkutaputa'. The pit roughly accommodates 50 to 60
dry cow dung cakes.
OR
• The cowdung cakes (50 to 60) may be heaped up on the ground around the
samputita dravya' and ignited.
Kapota puta

यत्पुटं दीयते भूमावष्टसंख्यैर्वनोपलैः ।

बद्ध्वा सूतकभस्मार्थं कपोतपुटमुच्यते ।।५७।।

वन्योत्पलैरष्टसंख्यैः क्षितौ यद्दीयते पुटम ।

रसादीनान्तु सिद्धचर्थ तत्कपोतपुटं स्मृतम् ।।
४३ ॥
Eight number of natural cow dung cakes are heaped up on the ground, around
the enclosed (samputita) medicinal drug; or samputita dravya and 8 dry
cowdung cakes are accommodated in a pit as shown in the figure and ignited.
This is called as 'kapotaputa'.
Govara puta
गोष्ठान्तर्गोक्षुरक्षुण्णं शुष्कं
चूर्णितगोमयम् ।
गोवरं तत्समादिष्टं वरिष्ठं रससाधने ।।५८।।
गोवरैर्वा तुषैर्वापि पुटं यत्र प्रदीयते ।
तद्गोवरपुटं प्रोक्तं प्रसिद्धयेरसभस्मनः ।।
(RRS10/59)।।

गोर्वरैर्वा तुषैर्वापि खलु कुण्डेऽथवा क्षितौ

।
पुटं यद्दीयते विज्ञैस्तद् गोर्वरपुटं स्मृतम्
||(R.T3/44)||
Whenever the dry cow dung powder (collected from the place where cattle are tied) or
the husk is used as fuel to apply heat, the puta will be called as 'gorvara' or 'gomaya' puta.
Two manika (2 sarāva; 768 gms) of this dry cow dung powder or husk is filled in a bigger
sized vessel (Ref: Rasaprakāśa sudhakara 10/48), the enclosed (sarāva sampuțita)
medicine is placed deep inside and ignited. This is called as 'gorvara' or 'gomaya' puta.
Bhanda puta

न्यूलभाण्डे तुषापूर्णे मध्ये मूषासमन्विते ।

वह्निना विहिते पाके तद्भाण्डपुटमुच्यते ।।(RRS
10/60)।।

मूषागर्भ तुषापूर्णे स्थूले

भाण्डेऽग्नियोजनात् ।
दीयते यत्पुटं विज्ञैस्तद् भाण्डपुटमुच्यते ||
(R.T 3/45)||
• If the husk is filled in a selected bigger mud pot and used for application
of heat, the puța will be called as 'bhaṇḍa' or 'mrdbhanda' or 'kumbha'
puta.
• Here half of the pot is filled with husk, enclosed (samputita) medicinal
drug is placed over it and the remaining vacant place of the pot is also
filled with husk and later ignited by keeping the mouth of the pot open.
Valuka puta

अधस्तादुपरिष्टाच्च क्रौंचिकाच्छाद्यते खलु ।

बालुकाभिः प्रतप्ताभिर्यन्त्रतद्वालुकापुटम्
।।(RRS 10/61)।।

प्रतप्तवालुकागर्भे न्यस्य मूषादिकं दृढम् ।

यद् दीयते पुटं तत्तु वालुकापुटमुच्यते ||(RT
3/46)||
• The clean dry sand (väukā) is filled in a selected bigger mud pot and used for application of
heat, this puta will be called as 'väluka' puta. Here half of the pot is filled with sand,
enclosed (samputita) medicinal drug is placed over it and the remaining vacant place of the
pot is also filled with dry sand
• This can be done in two ways; 1) Fill the hot sand into the pot with sampulita auşdha dravya
in the middle; OR 2) Fill the natural sand, close the pot, place it over fire and heat until sand
turns hot.
Bhudhara puta

वह्निमित्रां क्षितौ
सम्यनिखन्यावयङ्गुलादधः ।
उपरिष्टात्पुटं यत्र पुटं
तद्भूधराह्वयम् ।।(RRS10/62)॥

भूमिगर्भे कुमुदिकां विन्यस्य

द्वचङ्गुलोपरि ।
यद् दीयते पुटं तत्तु पुटं भूधरसंज्ञकम् ॥
(RT3/47)॥
• A small pit is made in ground and enclosed (samputita) medicinal drug is placed inside
with 2 inches of sand on all the sides. Now heat is applied from above by heaping the
dry cow dung cakes. This type of puta application is called aa bhudhara puta.
• Here number of cow dung cakes are not specified, so it has to be decided depending on
the hardness of the medicinal drug.
Lavaka puta

उद्धृर्वं षोडशिका मात्रैस्तुषैर्वा गोवरैः

पुटम्।
यत्र तल्लावकाख्यं स्यात्सुमृदुद्रव्यसाधनम्
।।(RRS 10/63)।।

गोर्वरैर्वा तुषैर्वापि वितस्त्यूर्ध्व'

पुटन्तु यत् ।
मृदुद्रव्यप्रसिद्धचथं तल्लाबकपुटं मतम् ||३८||
(R.T 3/48)
• The rough powder of natural cow dung cakes or the husk is heaped up on the ground,
around the enclosed (samputita) medicinal drug and ignited. This is called as
'Lävakaputa'. The temperature here will be relatively of low inten sity, so it is used only
in case of soft drugs.

• Note: Sodašika is the synonym for 'karsa' (12 gms); and Sodasi is the synonym for
'pala' (48 gms); here it is better to consider one pala of the dru g.
Anukta puta

अनुक्तपुटमाने तु साध्यद्रव्यबलाबलात् ।
पुटं विज्ञाय दातव्यमूहापोहविचक्षणैः ।।(RRS
10/64)।।

पुटनाम्नामनिर्दशे वीक्ष्य द्रव्यबलाबलम् ।

पुटेष्वन्यतमं दद्यात् यत्स्याद्युक्ततमं
भृशम् ||(RT 3/46)||

• Whenever, the 'puta' is not specified for incineration of a medicinal drugs,

then depending on the hardness of the drugs, the suitable 'puta' has to be
selected by the physician himself by his own intelligence (yukti).
Puta phala / Prayojana

लोहादेरपुनर्भावो गुणाधिक्यं ततोऽग्रता ।

अनप्सु मज्जनं रेखापूर्णता पुटतो भवेत् ।।48
पुटाद् ग्राब्णो लघुत्वं च शीघ्रव्याप्तिश्च
दीपनम् ।
जारितादपि सूतेन्द्राल्लोहानामधिको गुणः ।।
49
यथाऽश्मनि विशेद्वह्निर्बहिस्थपुटयोगतः ।
चूर्णत्वाद्धि गुणावाप्तिस्तथा लोहेषु
निश्चितम् ।।(R. R. S. 10/50)
 भवेद्यत: पुटादेव दोषहानिर्गुणोदयः ।
रसोपरसलोहानां पुटपाकस्ततः स्मृतः ॥ ३३ ॥
पुटपाकेन लोहादेर्निरुत्थत्वश्च दीपनम् ।
भवेद्वारितरत्वंच पुटपाकस्ततः स्मृतः ।। ३४ ।।
मृतलोहादिकं यस्मादतिशेते मृतं रसम् ।
पुटपाकविधानेन पुटं तस्मात्प्रशस्यते || (R.T 3/35)
Importance of puta

• Puta helps to eliminate doshas from the dhatu.

• It enhances its properties.
• It encourages the formation of newer compounds that are therapeutically
more potent.
• Also due to Puta, bhasma passes the expected bhasma pariksha like Niruttha,
Varitar, Rekhapoorna etc.
• Bhasma also acquires deepana ,laghutva, sheeghra vyapti (spread quickly in
the body), etc properties.
• Dhatu bhasma prepared by application of suitable puta, attains the highest
therapeutic value.
Sl. No. Name of the puta No. of cow dungs Measurements Uses

1. Maha puta 1500 Underground -Having 2 For Marana of Abhraka, Vaikranta

Hasta LxBxD etc

2. Gaja Puta 1000 Underground -Having 1 For Marana of Vajra,Abhraka,

Raja Hasta LxBxD Shankha etc

3. Varaha Puta 150 Underground -Having 1 For Marana of Shukti,Kaprada,

aratni LxBxD Swarna makshika etc

4. Kukkuta Puta 10 Underground -Having 2 For Marana of Swarna, Rajata,

vitasti LxBxD kaparda,shukta etc

5. Bhudhara Puta Not mentioned Underground – 2 angula For Jarana and Marana of Parada
deep

6. Kapota puta 8 On the ground For the marana of Haratala,Shilajatu

and parada

7. Gorvara puta On the ground For the marana of parada

8. Lavaka puta On the ground For the marana of mrudu dravya

9. Kumbha puta On the ground For Gandhaka Jarana,

Haratala,Gouripashana Bhasma

10. Valuka puta On the ground For Gandhaka Jarana,

Haratala,Gouripashana Bhasma
Conclusion :-
As it is known that Rasashastra is the science of metals and minerals. The most of the
Rasoushadhis are from the sources of parthivadi, jangamadi and pranija i.e, mineral origin, plant
origin and animal origin respectively.
These drugs cant be used directly as medicine because some drugs are available in native form
and some are in compound form, having toxic effects, not absorbable into the system and may
cause side effects. So that there are different procedures in Rasashastra which makes the drug to
be used for the preparation of Bhasmas.
The below points shows the importance and necessity of Puta in the preparation of Bhasma.
• The first & foremost importance of Puta is reduction of particle size.
• To make the drugs free from impurities.
• To remove or reduce the toxic effects.
• To attain palatability.
• To change the form.
• To enhance the characteristics.
• To increase the drug assimilation.