Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Section 2: Complex Patterns of Inheritance
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Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is an
intermediate phenotype between the two
homozygous phenotypes.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the
heterozygous condition.
Sickle-cell disease is one example.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sickle-cell Disease
Normal red blood cell
Changes in hemoglobin
cause red blood cells to
change to a sickle shape.
People who are
heterozygous for the trait
have both normal and
sickle-shaped cells. Sickle cell
7766x
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
Blood groups in
humans
ABO blood groups
have three forms
of alleles.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Coat Color of Rabbits
Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy
of dominance.
In rabbits, four alleles code for coat color:
C, cch, ch, and c.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Epistasis
Variety is the result of one allele hiding the
effects of another allele.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex Determination
Sex chromosomes
determine an
individual’s gender.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Dosage Compensation
The X chromosome carries a variety of genes
that are necessary for the development of both
females and males.
The Y chromosome mainly has genes that relate
to the development of male characteristics.
In females, one X chromosome is inactivated in
each cell. The inactivated X chromosome is
visible in stained cells as a Barr body.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Genes located on the X chromosome
Red-green color blindness
Hemophilia
Sex-Linked Traits
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Polygenic Traits
Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of
multiple pairs of genes.
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Environmental Influences
Environmental factors influence an
organism’s phenotype
Diet and exercise
Sunlight and water
Temperature
Section 2 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Twin Studies
Helps scientists separate genetic contributions
from environmental contributions
Traits that appear frequently in identical twins
are at least partially controlled by heredity.
Traits expressed differently in identical twins
are strongly influenced by environment.
