Module 1b
Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Function
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS II
The Lasallian Prayer
“Let us remember
that we are in the holy
presence of God.”
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Ang Panalanging
Lasalyano
“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating
kapiling.”
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“The Holy Ghost … shall teach you all things, and bring
all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said
unto you” (John 14:26).
Reflection:
What brings the Spirit into my life? into my home? into
my class? What drives Him away? How can I help class
members invite the Spirit into their gospel learning?
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Learning Outcome
At the end of this module, the student will be able to
Explain the basic characteristics of sinusoidal functions
Define the terms cycle, frequency, amplitude, radian or
angular frequency, argument of the wave function or
the angular displacement, period, phase angle, electrical
degrees, etc
Compare the phase angle of two waves
Solve problems in sinusoidal functions
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Voltage
Em e(t) = Emsinωt = Emsinα
α
1 alternation
-Em
1 cycle
Where:
Em or Vm = maximum (peak) value of the generated voltage wave
α = ωt = angular displacement at any point on the voltage wave
e(t) or v(t) = instantaneous value of the generated voltage at any angular
displacement or time t
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Characteristic of
Cycle Sinusoidal Voltage
-complete succession or alternation of values (positive up to negative
alternation
Frequency
-number of cycles per second
For Synchronous AC Generator, the frequency of the generated voltage
wave is:
f= P x Nrpm
120
Where:
f = frequency in cycles/sec (cps) or hertz (hz)
Nrpm = speed of rotation of the AC Generator, revolution/min
P = number of poles of the AC Generator
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Voltage
Mechanical Degree
-one complete revolution or rotation is fixed to 3600
Electrical Degree
-one complete revolution or rotation can be more than 3600 depending on
the number of cycles generated per rotation of the AC Generator
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal
Illustration of Electrical
Voltage
Degree
one complete rotation
2-Pole Generator
S
N generates 1 cycle of wave
N
S
equal to
3600 3600 (1 x 3600 )
4-Pole Generator
S
N
N N
N
one complete rotation
S S
generates 2 cycles of wave
S
3600 3600
equal to
7200
7200 (2 x 3600 )
6-Pole Generator
N S
N N N one complete rotation
N
S
S S S
generates 3 cycles of wave
S
36000 3600 3600 equal to
N 10800
10800 (3 x 3600 )
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Sample Problems
1. The maximum value of the sinusoidal wave generated in the coil
of an alternator (AC Generator) is 12 volts. How many electrical
degrees from zero point in the wave (increasing in the positive
direction) will the voltage be at: a) +8.5V, b) -8.5V?
Solution:
Sample Problems
1. An AC Generator has 6 poles . a) At what speed must the machine
be driven to develop a frequency of 60hz? 25 cycles/sec? b) What
frequency is developed if the speed is 1000rpm? 1600rpm?
Solution
Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Wave
α
Given that the above sinusoidal wave is given by
where:
Vm = amplitude (max or peak value)of the sine wave
ω = radian frequency, or angular frequency
ωt = argument of the sine function or the angular displacement T = period
the periodic nature of the sine wave is evident, the function repeats itself
every
2π radians, or its period T is 2π radians
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Wave
A sine wave having a period T must execute 1/T periods each second,
therefore
its frequency f is given by:
And since
we obtain the common relationship between frequency and radian frequency
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Wave
A sine wave having a period T must execute 1/T periods each second, its
frequency f is given by:
or Period T – number of seconds per cycle
And since
we obtain the common relationship between frequency and radian frequency
The angular displacement α is therefore given by
α = ωt = 2πft rad
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Radian - Degree
Conversion
sine wave
having
π /2 rad = 900 1 rad = 57.30
π rad = 1800 10 = 0.0174 rad or π /1800
3π /2 rad = 2700
2π rad = 3600
Sample Problems
1. A 60-cycle current has a maximum value of 6.5 A. What will be the
instantaneous value of the current:
a) 0.0025 sec after the wave passes through zero in the positive direction?
b) 0.01042 sec after the wave passes through zero in the positive direction?
Solution i(t)
0.0025 s
6.5 A Im
5.25 A
3.93
0.942
-4.6 A
0.01042 s
-6.5 A Im
2. What is the angular frequency for 60-, 25-, and 50-cycle
waves?
Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Wave
A more general form of the sinusoidal
wave is given by the expression
where:
θ = phase angle in the sine argument
ωt = sine argument or angular displacement reference
In the waves shown, phase angle θ appears as the number of radians (or degrees)
by which the original sine wave (shown in green color in the figure) is shifted to
the left, or earlier in time (as referred or measured from ωt ).
Since the wave Vm sin(ωt + θ) occur θ rad, or θ/ω seconds, earlier, we say that the
wave Vm sin(ωt + θ) leads Vm sinωt by θ rad.
On the other hand, since the wave Vm sinωt occur θ rad, or θ/ω seconds, later,
we say that the wave Vm sinωt lags Vm sin (ωt + θ) by θ rad.
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Characteristic of
Sinusoidal Wave
+ direction - direction
We can describe sin(ωt + θ) as leading sin ωt by +θ rad
or to describe sin(ωt +θ) as lagging sin(ωt) by −θ rad
Likewise it is also correct to describe sin ωt as lagging sin(ωt + θ) by +θ rad
or to describe sin ωt as leading sin(ωt + θ) by −θ rad
Out of Phase Waves – when either waves are leading or lagging each other
In-Phase Waves – when neither waves are leading or lagging each other, i.e.
they
have the same phase angle
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Guide/Tip
In electrical engineering, the phase angle is commonly given in degrees, rather than
radians; to avoid confusion we should be sure to always use the degree symbol.
Thus, instead of writing
we customarily use
In evaluating this expression at a specific instant of time, for example at t=
10−4 s, 2π1000t = 2π1000 (10−4 s) = 0.2π radian
convert 0.2π radian into degree first
0.2π radian x 1800/π radian = 36° before 30° is subtracted from it.
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Wave Phase Comparison
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Wave Phase Comparison
Useful Trigonometric Relations
*The sine and cosine are essentially the same function, but with a 90° phase
difference.
cos ωt
sin ωt = cos (ωt-900) cos ωt = sin (ωt+90 )
0
-sin ωt = cos (ωt+900) -cos ωt = sin (ωt-900) (+)
- sin ωt sin ωt
sin ωt = sin (ωt+/-3600) -sin ωt = cos (ωt+/-1800)
(-)
cos ωt = cos (ωt+/-3600) -cos ωt = sin (ωt+/-180 )
0
- cos ωt
Wave Phase Comparison-
Sample Problem
Compare the two sinusoidal waves and
Solution
Self-Assessment.
Test your understanding by answering the following questions given the following
waves:
i1(t) = 120cos(100πt + 300) A
i2(t) = - 0.1cos(100πt + 1000) A
a)What is the maximum value of i1(t) and i2(t)?
b)What is the angular frequency in rad/sec?
c)How many current wave cycles are generated in half of a second?
d)How long (in seconds) would it take for 30 cycles of waves to be generated?
e)What is the angular displacement (in degrees) of i1(t) and i2(t) 0.002 sec after the
current wave passes through zero in the positive direction
f)What is the instantaneous value of current i1(t) and i2(t) 0.001 sec after their
respective current wave passes through zero in the positive direction?
g)Which current wave is leading in the positive direction? By how many degrees
does this current wave leads the other? Draw their respective waves and vectors
to show this.
Assignment M2 (individual
submission)
1. Plot the waveforms for the following
functions:
2. Determine the frequency and the phase angle between the two voltages
v1(t) = 12 sin(1000t + 600 ) V and v2(t) = -6cos(1000t + 300 ) V. State which wave
is leading.
END OF
PRESENTATION
ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle
The Lasallian Prayer
“I will continue, O my God,
to do all my actions for the
love of Thee.”
Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray
for us.
Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.
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Ang Panalanging
Lasalyano
“Ipagpapatuloy ko,
O Diyos, ang lahat
ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay
lalong pakaibigin.”
San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin
mo kami. Hesus, manahan ka sa aming
puso, magpakailanman.
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