MICROBIAL DISEASE
Digestive
OF
System
Digestive System
The human digestive system consists of the
gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs
of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown
of food into smaller and smaller components,
until they can be absorbed and assimilated into
the body.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract or Alimentary
canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx(Throat )
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestine
Accessory Structures
• Teeth and Tongue
• Salivary Glands
• Liver
• Gallbladder
MICROBIAL
DISEASES
Dental Caries
Dental caries or Tooth decay is
caused by certain bacteria in the
mouth that thrive on sugars and
refined carbohydrates and
produce acids as a side effect. The
acids attach to the hard outer
layer of your tooth (enamel) first.
CAUSES BY:
SYMPTOMS:
Streptococcus mutans is the
• Toothache
main cause of dental decay.
• Tooth sensitivity
TREATMENT: • Black spots
A dental professional drills into appearing on
the affected area(s) of the teeth, your teeth
removes the decayed material inside • Bad breath
the prepared cavity, and packs this • Pain when you
empty space with an appropriate bite down
dental filling material.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is a
short-term illness
triggered by the
infection and
inflammation of the
digestive system.
CAUSED BY:
Gastroenteritis is a very SYMPTOMS:
common condition that causes
• Loss of Appetite
diarrhea and vomiting. It's usually
caused by a bacterial or viral tummy • Bloating
bug. • Diarrhea
TREATMENT: • Nausea
Drink plenty of fluids to avoid • Vomiting
dehydration; you need to drink more • Abdominal Cramps
than usual to replace the fluids lost
from vomiting and diarrhea – water
is best, but you could also try fruit
juice and soup.
DYSENTERY
It is an infection of
the intestines
resulting in severe
diarrhea with the
presence of blood
and mucus in the
feces.
CAUSED BY:
Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, SYMPTOMS:
Schistosoma mansoni and Entamoeba • Diarrhea
histolytica are among bacteria and parasites
causing dysentery. Shigella is responsible for • A weight loss
most cases of this disease in tropical regions. • Stomach Cramps
TREATMENT: • Fever
Dysentery is treated with metronidazole • Nausea
(Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax). These
drugs kill the parasites. In some cases, a • Vomiting
follow-up drug is given to make sure all the
parasites are gone.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING
Staph food poisoning
or (Staphylococcal
Enterotoxicosis) is a
gastrointestinal
illness caused by
eating foods
contaminated.
CAUSED BY:
Eating foods contaminated SYMPTOMS:
with toxins produced by the
bacterium Staphylococcus • Nausea
aureus (Staph) bacteria. • Vomiting
TREATMENT: • Stomach
Treatment of staphylococcal food Cramps
poisoning usually consists of
drinking an adequate amount of
fluids.
Typhoid Fever
An infectious
bacterial fever
with an eruption
of red spots on
the chest and
abdomen and
severe intestinal
irritation.
CAUSED BY:
SYMPTOMS:
Bacterium Salmonella Typhi. • Rashes "Rose
TREATMENT: Spots"
• Fever
Antibiotics that may be • General-ill
given for typhoid fever are: Feeling
Fluoroquinolones. These • Abdominal Pain
antibiotics, like ciprofloxacin
(Cipro).
CHOLERA
An infectious and
often fatal bacterial
disease of the small
intestine, typically
contracted from
infected water
supplies and causing
severe vomiting and
diarrhea.
CAUSED BY:
SYMPTOMS:
Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
• Profuse Watery
TREATMENT: • Diarrhea
Oral or intravenous • Vomiting
hydration is the primary • Thirst
treatment for cholera, and • Leg Cramps
antibiotics like • Irritability
doxycycline.
PEPTIC ULCER
DISEASE
A peptic ulcer is an open
sore or raw area in the lining
of the stomach or intestine.
There are two types of peptic
ulcers: Gastric ulcer --
occurs in the stomach.
Duodenal ulcer -- occurs in
the first part of the small
intestine.
CAUSED BY: SYMPTOMS:
Bacteria called Helicobacter • Feeling full to soon
pylori (H pylori). when eating meal.
TREATMENT: • Feeling uncomfortably
Antacids neutralize full after eating a meal.
gastric acid. Histamine (H2) • Bloating
blockers reduce gastric acid
• Belching
by blocking the H2
receptors.
HEPATITIS A
Hepatitis A is an
inflammation of the liver
that can cause mild to
severe illness. The hepatitis
A virus (HAV) is
transmitted through
ingestion of contaminated
food and water or through
direct contact with an
infectious person.
CAUSED BY:
Virus is transmitted primarily SYMPTOMS:
by the fecal-oral route. • Yellow skin
or eyes.
TREATMENT: • Throwing up
No specific treatment • Dark urine
exists for hepatitis A. Your • Not wanting
body will clear the hepatitis A to eat.
virus on its own.
HEPATITIS B
Hepatitis B is a vaccine-
preventable liver infection caused
by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Hepatitis B is spread when blood,
semen, or other body fluids from a
person infected with the virus
enters the body of someone who is
not infected.
CAUSED BY:
Virus a blood-borne pathogen; SYMPTOMS:
its primary mode of transmission • Fatigue
is through direct blood-to-blood • Poor
contact with an infected person. Appetite
TREATMENT: • Stomach
pain
Oral medicines, including tenofovir
• Jaundice
or entecavir.
HEPATITIS C
Hepatitis C is a liver infection
caused by the hepatitis C virus
(HCV). Hepatitis C is spread
through contact with blood from
an infected person. Today, most
people become infected with the
hepatitis C virus by sharing
needles or other equipment used
to prepare and inject drugs.
CAUSED BY:
Infections from Hepatitis C SYMPTOMS:
Virus (HCV) bacteria, or
parasites. • Joint Pain
• Feeling tired
TREATMENT:
• Upset stomach
Hepatitis C is treated using
direct-acting antiviral (DAA)
tablets.
MUMPS
Mumps is a contagious disease
caused by a virus that passes from
one person to another through saliva,
nasal secretions, and close personal
contact. The condition primarily
affects the salivary glands, also
called the parotid glands. These
glands are responsible for producing
saliva.
CAUSED BY: SYMPTOMS:
Mumps is a viral illness caused
• Fever
by a paramyxovirus, a member
• Difficulty in
of the Rubulavirus family.
chewing
TREATMENT: • Headache
Getting plenty of bed rest and • Muscle aches
fluids. using painkillers, such as • Tiredness
ibuprofen and paracetamol – aspirin • Discomfort
should not be given to children under in salivary
16. glands.
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