FOUNDATION
BPE13502
FOUNDATION
Content:
Objectives and function of
foundation
Materials used for foundation
Types of foundation
Buildin
g
Foundation
Foundation Design
Principles
The main objectives of foundation design are to:-
• Ensure that the structural loads are
transmitted to the subsoil safely,
economically and without any unacceptable
movement during the construction period
and throughout the anticipated life of the
building or structure
Bas i c Design
Pro cedure
Assessment of site conditions in the
context of the site & soil investigation
report
Calculation of anticipated structural
loading
Choosing the foundation type, should
consider:
•Soil condition Sizing the chosen
•Type of structure foundation in the context of
•Structural loading loading, ground bearing
•Economic factors capacity & any likely future
•Time factors relative to the proposed movement of the building /
contract period structure
•Construction problem
Functions o f
foundation
1. Distribution of loads
2. Stability against sliding & overturning
3. Minimize differential settlement
4. Safe against undermining
5. Provide level surface
6. Minimize distress against soil
movement
D is t r i b u tion of
loads
Foundation help to distribute the loads of
super- structure to a large of the soil
Therefore, the intensity of load at its base does
not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil
In the case of deep foundations, the super
imposed loads are transmitted either through
end bearing or both by side friction & end
bearing
S t a b i l i t y against s l i d i n g & overturning
Foundation imparts lateral stability to the
super structure by anchoring it to the ground
It increases the stability against sliding &
overturning due to horizontal forces to
wind, earthquake, etc.
Minimize d i f f e r e n t i a l
settlement
Foundation distribute the super-imposed
loads evenly on the sub-soil, even in the
case of non- uniform loads
This can be achieved by constructing
combined footing or raft foundation
Safe against undermining
Foundation provide safety against scouring or
undermining by flood water or burrowing
animals
Provide Level Surface
It provides level surface over which
super-
structure can be
raised
Minimize d i s t r e s s against s o i l
movement
Distress or failure due to expansion or contraction
of the sub-soil due to moisture variation in
clayey & black cotton soils are minimized by the
provision of special type foundations
Types o f
founda tion s
TYPES OF
FOUNDATIONS
PAD RAFT STRIP PILED
FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION
PADFOUNDATION
Suitable for most subsoil except loose sand,
gravels
loose and fill
areas
Usually constructed of reinforced concrete,
in
square
plan
Typical pad foundation types
Isolated or pad
are:
foundation
Steel
grillage
Rectangular
pad
Combined column
foundation
Strip foundation
Suitable for those encountered in low to
medium
rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can
be used
Typical strip foundation
types:
Traditional
strip
Deep strip or
trench fill concrete
Reinforced
strip
Continuous
column
Raft foundation
Used to spread the load of the structure over a large base
reduce
to the load per unit area being imposed on the
ground
Particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils
encountered
are & where individual column loads are
heavy
Typical raft
foundation:
Solid slab
raft
Beam & slab
raft
P i l e Foundation
Can be defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the
ground tothe loads of a structure to a lower level of
transmit
subsoil
Can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not presented at or near
leve
ground
l
Classification of piles (may be classified by their
design
basic function or method of
• construction):
End bearing
• piles or floating
Friction
• piles
Replacement
• piles
Displacement
piles
Materials used for
Foundation
Foundation must be
constructed of a durable
material of an adequate
strength
The most suitable material is
concrete
Concrete is a mixture of
cement, aggregates & water
in a controlled proportion
Ceme
nt
Manufactured from clay & chalk
Act as a binder of the concrete mix
Cement can be supplied in bags ( 1 bag = 50kg)
or in bulk
Air tight sealed bags requiring a dry dump free
store
Bulk cement delivered by tanker (12 to 50 tonnes)
& pumped into storage silo
Aggregates
2 types of aggregates: coarse &
aggregate
fine
s
Coarse aggregate is defined as a
which is retained on a 5mm
material
sieveaggregate is defined as a material
Fine
is passes a 5mm
which
sieve
Aggregate can be
either
Natural: rock which has
disintegrated
Crushed
stone
gravels
Water
Must be of a good quality fit for drinking
Water is added to start the chemical reaction
& to give workability
The amount of water used is called the
water/cement ratios, usually about 0.4 to
0.5
Too much water will produce a weak
concrete mix of low strength
Whereas too little water will produce a
concrete mix of low & inadequate workability.
Concrete mix
This concrete mix expressed as a ratio,
e.g., [Link] or [Link]/20mm, which means
1 part of cement
3 parts of fine aggregates
6 parts of coarse aggregate
20mm – maximum size of coarse
aggregate for the mix
