Anatomy & Physiology

Muscular System

Muhammad Ziad
Lecturer INS-KMU Peshawar

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 At the Completion of this Session, Students will be able to:

 Define the terms fascia, epimysium perimysium,

endomysium, tendons, aponeurosis.
 Discuss location and function of major muscles of
neck, face, back, arms, and legs.
 Identify major muscles of upper and lower limb.

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Introduction
• Bonesand joints do not • Muscles cause bones and
produce movement supported structures to
move by alternating
• The
between contraction and
human body has
relaxation
more than 600 individual
muscles

You will focus on the differences among three muscle tissue

types, the structure of skeletal muscles, muscle actions, and
the names of skeletal muscles.
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Functions of Muscle

Muscle has the ability to contract, • Functions:

permitting muscles to perform • Movement
various functions • Stability
• Control of body openings and
passages
• Heat production

Click for
Larger View 4
Functions of Muscle: Movement

• Skeletal muscles
• Attached to bones by tendons
• Cross joints so when they contract, bones they attach to
move
• Smooth muscle
• Found on organ walls
• Contractions produce movement of organ contents
• Cardiac muscle
• Produces atrial and ventricular contractions
• This pumps blood from the heart into the blood vessels

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Functions of Muscle: Stability

• Hold bones tightly together

• Stabilize joints

• Smallmuscles hold vertebrae

together
• Stabilize the spinal column
Functions of Muscle: Control of Body Openings
and Passages
• Sphincters

• Valve-like structures formed by muscles

• Control movement of substances in and out of
passages
• Example:
A urethral sphincter prevents or allows urination
Functions of Muscle: Heat Production

• Heat is released with muscle

contraction
• Helps the body maintain a normal
temperature
• Moving your body can make you
warmer if you are cold
Apply Your Knowledge

True or False: ANSWER: tendons

___
F Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments.
__
T Contractions of smooth muscle produce movement of organ
contents.
___
T Cardiac muscle produces atrial and ventricular contractions.
in and out
___
F Sphincters control movement of substances out of passages.
___
F Heat is released as muscles relax.
contract

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Properties of Muscular Tissue

Four properties that enable it to function.

1. Electrical excitability
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity

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Types of Muscle Tissue

• Muscle cells
• Myocytes called muscle fibers

• Sarcolemma – cell membrane

• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of cell

• Myofibrils – long structures in sarcoplasm

• Arrangement of filaments in myofibrils produces striations
Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)

Muscle Major Major Mode of

Group Location Function Control
Skeletal Attached to Produces body Voluntary
Muscle bones and skin of movements and
the face facial expressions

Smooth Walls of hollow Moves contents Involuntary

Muscle organs, blood through organs;
vessels, and iris vasoconstriction

Cardiac Wall of the heart Pumps blood Involuntary

Muscle through heart
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Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle fibers respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Causes skeletal muscle to contract
• Following contraction, muscles release the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase
• Breaks down acetylcholine
• Allows muscle to relax

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Types of Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle
• Multiunit smooth muscle
• In the iris of the eye and walls of blood vessels
• Responds to neurotransmitters and hormones
• Visceral smooth muscle
• In walls of hollow organs
• Responds to neurotransmitters AND
• Stimulate each other to contract so that muscle fibers contract and relax together
in a rhythmic motion – peristalsis

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Types of Muscle Tissue:
Smooth Muscle (cont.)
• Peristalsis – rhythmic contraction that pushes substances through tubes of
the body
• Neurotransmitters for smooth muscle contraction
• Acetylcholine
• Norepinephrine
• Will cause or inhibit contractions, depending on smooth muscle type

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Types of Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle

• Intercalated discs
• Connect groups of cardiac muscle
• Allow the fibers in the groups to
contract and relax together
• Allows heart to work as a pump

• Self-exciting – does not need nerve stimulation to contract

• Nerves speed up or slow down contraction
Type of Muscle Tissue:
Cardiac Muscle (cont.)
• Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine – slows heart rate
• Norepinephrine – speeds up rate
Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following: ANSWER:

___
C Self-exciting A. Skeletal muscle
___
A Contract in response to B. Smooth muscle
acetylcholine C. Cardiac muscle
___
B Stimulate each other to
contract
B Peristalsis
___ Very
___
C Slowed by acetylcholine Good!
___
A Voluntary movement
Structure of Skeletal Muscles

• Skeletal muscles
• The major components of the
muscular system

• Composition
• Connective tissue
• Skeletal muscle tissue
• Blood vessels
• Nerves
Structure: Connective Tissue Coverings

• Fascia • Aponeurosis
• Covers entire skeletal • A tough, sheet-like structure
muscles made of fibrous connective
• Separates them from tissue
each other • Attaches muscles to other
muscles

• Tendon
• A tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue
• Connects muscles to bones

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Structure: Connective Tissue Coverings (cont.)

• Epimysium
• A thin covering that is just below the fascia of a muscle and
surrounds the entire muscle
• Perimysium
• Connective tissue that divides a muscle into sections called
fascicles
• Endomysium
• Covering of connective tissue that surrounds individual
muscle cells

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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
D
__ Thin covering under the fascia that A. Tendon
surrounds the muscle B. Perimysium
__ Separates muscles from each other
E C. Aponeurosis
__ Connects muscles to bones
A D. Epimysium
__ Divides a muscle into sections
B E. Fascia
called fascicles
F. Endomysium
__ Surrounds individual muscle cells
F
__ Attaches muscles to other muscles
C
ANSWER: 23
Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
• Actions depend largely on
what the muscles are
attached to
• Attachment sites
• Origin – an attachment site
for a less movable bone
• Insertion – an attachment site
for a more moveable bone

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Attachments and Actions (cont.)

• Movement usually produced by a group of muscles

• Prime mover – muscle responsible for most of the movement
• Synergists – muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing
joints
• Antagonist (agonist) – produces movement opposite to prime
mover
• Relaxes when prime mover contracts

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Attachments and Actions:
Body Movements
Flexion – bending a body Plantar flexion – pointing
part the toes down

Extension – straightening a Abduction – moving a body

body part part away from the
anatomical position
Hyperextension – extending
a body part past the Adduction – moving a body
normal anatomical
position part toward the anatomical
position
Dorsiflexion – pointing the
toes up
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Attachments and Actions:
Body Movements (cont.)
Circumduction – moving a Inversion – turning the sole of
body part in a circle the foot medially

Pronation – turning the palm Eversion – turning the sole of

of the hand down the foot laterally

Supination – turning the palm Retraction – moving a body

of the hand up part posteriorly

Protraction – moving a body

part anteriorly
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Attachments and Actions:
Body Movements (cont.)
Elevation – lifting a body
part; for example,
elevating the shoulders as
in a shrugging expression

Depression – lowering a body

part; for example,
lowering the shoulders

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Apply Your Knowledge

The doctor has asked you to abduct the patient’s leg so

he can see the patient’s wound. In order to position the
patient correctly, what will you have to do?

ANSWER: Move the patient’s leg away from its

position in the anatomical position.

Correct!
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Major Skeletal Muscles
• The muscle name indicates • As you study muscles, you
• Location will find it easier to
• Size remember them if you think
• Action about what the name
• Shape describes.
OR
• Number of attachments of the
muscle

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 How to Name Muscles
Name Meaning Example
1. Location Pectoralis (of the chest) Pectoralis major
Brachii (of the arm) Biceps brachii
2. Size
Maximus Largest Gluteus maximus
Minimus Smallest Gluteus minimus
Longus Long Abductor longus
Brevis Short Abductor brevis
Latissimus Widest Latissimus dorsi
Longissimus Longest Longissimus capitis
Magnus Larger Abductor magnus
Major Larger Pectoralis major
Minor Smaller Pectoralis minor
Vastus Huge Vastus lateralis

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 How to Name Muscles

Name Meaning Example

3. Shape
Triangular Deltoid
Deltoid Sawtoothed Serratus anterior (thoracic)
Serratus Circular Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis Comb like Pectineus (femoral muscle)
Pectinate Flat Platysma (neck muscle)
Platys Slender Gracilis
Gracilis
4. Number of origins
Biceps Two origins Biceps brachii
Triceps Three origins Triceps brachii
Quadriceps Four origins Quadriceps femoris
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 How to Name Muscles

Name Meaning Example

5. Origin and insertion
Sternocleidomastoid Originating on the sternum Sternocleidomastoid
and clavicle and inserting
on the mastoid process of
the temporal bone

6. Direction
Rectus Parallel to midline Rectus abdominis
Transverse Perpendicular to midline Transverse abdominis
Diagonal to midline External oblique (of
Oblique abdomen)

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 How to Name Muscles
Name Meaning Example
7. Action
Flexor Decreases a joint angle Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor Increases a joint angle External carpi ulnaris
Abductor Moves a bone away from
midline
Adductor Moves a bone closer to midline
Elevates a body part
Levator Depresses Levator palpebrae
Depressor Supinates Depressor anguli oris
Supinator Pronates Supinator teres
Pronator Pronator teres

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head
• Sternocleidomastoid • Splenius capitis
• Pulls the head to one • Rotates the head
side • Allows it to bend to the side
• Pulls the head to the
chest
• Orbicularis oris
• Allows the lips to pucker
• Frontalis
• Raises the eyebrows

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head (cont.)
• Orbicularis oculi • Platysma
• Allows the eyes to close • Pulls the corners of the mouth down
• Zygomaticus • Masseter and temporalis
• Pulls the corners of the mouth • Close the jaw
up

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm
• Pectoralis major
• Pulls the arm across the chest
• Rotates and adducts the arms

• Latissimus dorsi
• Extends and adducts the arm
and rotates the arm inwardly
Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm (cont.)
• Deltoid
• Abducts and extends the
arm at the shoulder

• Subscapularis
• Rotates the arm medially

• Infraspinatus
• Rotates the arm laterally
Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm
• Biceps brachii
• Flexes the arm at the elbow
• Rotates the hand laterally
• Brachialis
• Flexes the arm at the elbow

• Brachioradialis
• Flexes the forearm at the
elbow
Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm (cont.)
• Triceps brachii
• Extends the arm at the
elbow
• Supinator
• Rotates the forearm
laterally (supination)
• Pronator teres
• Rotates the forearm
medially (pronation)
Major Skeletal Muscles:
Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
• Flexorcarpi radialis and flexor
carpi ulnaris
• Flex and abduct the wrist
• Palmaris longus
• Flexes the wrist
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexes the distal joints of the fingers,
but not the thumb
Major Skeletal Muscles:
Wrist, Hand, and Fingers (cont.)
• Extensor carpi radialis longus and
brevis
• Extend the wrist and abduct the hand

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extends the wrist

• Extensor digitorum
• Extends the fingers, but not the thumb
Major Skeletal Muscles: Respiratory
• Diaphragm
• Separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity
• Its contraction causes inspiration
• External and internal intercostals
• Expand and lower the ribs during breathing

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Abdominal
• External and internal obliques
• Compress the abdominal wall
• Transverse abdominis
• Also compresses the abdominal wall
• Rectus abdominis
• Flexes the vertebral column
• Compresses the abdominal wall

Click for View of

Abdominal Muscles
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Major Skeletal Muscles: Pectoral Girdle
• Trapezius
• Raises the arms
• Pulls the shoulders downward

• Pectoralis minor
• Pulls the scapula downward
• Raises the ribs

Click for View of

Pectoral Girdle
Muscles

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg
• Psoas major and iliacus
• Flexes the thigh

• Gluteus maximus
• Extends the thigh

• Gluteus
medius and
minimus
• Abduct the thighs
• Rotate them medially
Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)
• Adductor longus and magnus
• Adduct the thighs
• Rotate them laterally

• Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and

semimembranosus
• Known as the hamstring group
• Flex the leg at the knee
• Extend the leg at the thigh

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)

• Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,

vastus medialis, and vastus
intermedius
• Extend the leg at the knee

• Sartorius
• Flexes the leg at the knee and thigh
• Abducts the thigh, rotating the thigh
laterally but rotating the lower leg
medially
• It is the longest muscle in the entire
human body.

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Major Skeletal Muscles:
Ankle, Foot, and Toes
• Tibialis anterior
• Inverts the foot and point the foot
up (dorsiflexion)
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Extends the toes and point the
foot up
• Gastrocnemius
• Flexes the foot and flexes the leg
at the knee
Major Skeletal Muscles:
Ankle, Foot, and Toes (cont.)
• Soleus
• Flexes the foot
• Flexor digitorum
longus
• Flexes the foot and
toes
 Names of selected muscles
 Neck Muscles
 Face Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis Occuli • Flexes neck and draws head down
• Closes eyelid and compresses lacrimal Scalenes
glands • Flex neck laterally and elevate ribs 1 &2 in
Levator palpebrae (opens eye & raises inspiration
upper lid Trapezius
Masseter (chewing) • Abducts and extends neck
Orbicularis oris (closes & protrudes lips) Splenius capitis
Buccinator (compresses cheeks, blowing, • Rotate head and extend neck
suction) Digastric
Zygomaticus minor and major • Opens mouth by lowering mandible
• Raises hyoid bone
• Draws corners of mouth laterally and
upward as in smiling and laughing Sternohyoid
Platysma • Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing
• Depresses mandible, opens and widens Thyrohyoid 52
mouth • Raises larynx
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Neck Muscles

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 Back Muscles

• Muscles in the back are classified as extrinsic and intrinsic.

• Extrinsic muscles consist of superficial and intermediate group of
muscles.
• Superficial muscles are involved with the movements of upper limbs
while the intermediate muscles are associated with the thoracic wall.
• Extrinsic muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves.
• Intrinsic muscles lying deep in the back are innervated by posterior rami
of spinal nerves.

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 Extrinsic Back Muscles
Superficial Group

Trapezius Intermediate Group

• Superior fibers elevate
scapula; middle fibers
retract it; inferior fibers (Respiratory muscles)
depress it. Serratus posterior
Levator scapulae superior
• Elevates scapula • Elevates ribs II to V
• Rhomboid minor & major
• Retracts(adducts) and elevates scapula
Serratus posterior
Latissimus dorsi (swimming) inferior
• Extends, adducts, and medially rotates
humerus
• Depresses ribs IX to XII
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 Intrinsic Back Muscles
Erector spinae (erecting back)
Splenius Capitis
Illiocostalis cervicis
• Together—draw head backward,
• extend and laterally flex vertebral
extending neck
column
• Individually—draw and rotate Illiocostalis thoracis and
head to one side
lumborum
Splenius Cervicis
• Elevate ribs during forceful
• Together—extend neck inspiration
• Individually—draw and rotate
head to one side

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 Arm Muscles

Deltoid (abduct humerus) Flexor carpi radialis

Teres major (adduct and • Flexes wrist
medially rotate humerus) Palmaris longus
Teres minor (abduct and • Flexes wrist
laterally rotate humerus) Flexor carpi ulnaris
Biceps brachii (flexes elbow) • Flexes wrist
Extensor carpi radialis
Brachialis (flexes elbow)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Triceps brachii (extends Flexor pollicis (longus, brevis)
elbow)
• Flexes thumb
Pronator ( teres, quadratus) Extensor pollicis (longus, brevis)
pronates forearm • Extends thumb
Supinator (teres, quadratus) Flexor digitorum (superfi, profun)
supinates forearm • Flexes fingers II—V 60
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 Flexor Retinaculum
• The flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament, or anterior annular
ligament) is a fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist.
It arches over the carpal bones of the hands, covering them and forming
the carpal tunnel.

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 Leg Muscles

• Muscles of thigh are arranged in three compartments.

• The anterior compartment has five muscles as
• Sartorius, and four large quadriceps femoris like vastus lateralis,
rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis.
• All are innervated by femoral nerve.
• Muscles in the anterior compartment act on the hip and knee joint

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Anterior Compartment Thigh Muscles

• Psoas major
• Flexes thigh at hip joint
• Iliacus
• Flexes thigh at hip joint
• Vastus (3 vastus muscles)
• Extends the leg at knee joint
• Rectus femoris
• Extends leg at knee and flexes the thigh at hip
• Sartorius
• Flexes thigh at hip and leg at knee

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 Leg Muscles cont...

• The medial compartment has six muscles as gracilis, pectineus,

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and obturator
externus.
• All except pectinius, which is innervated by femoral nerve, and part
of the adductor magnus, which is innervated by sciatic nerve, are
innervated by the obturator nerve.

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 Medial Compartment Thigh Muscles

• Gracilis
• Adducts thigh at hip and flexes leg at knee
• Pectineus
• Adducts and flexes thigh at hip
• Adductor longus
• Adducts thigh at hip
• Adductor brevis
• Adducts thigh at hip
• Adductor magnus
• Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip
• Obturator externus
• Laterally rotates thigh at hip 66
 Leg Muscles cont....

• The Posterior compartment of thigh contains three large muscles as

biceps femoris, semimembranous, and semitendinous which are
collectively termed as the hamstrings which are innervated by sciatic
nerve.
• And Popliteus Muscle which flexes knee and medially rotates tibia.

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 Hamstring Group Muscles

• Biceps femoris
• Flexes knee, extends hip, laterally rotates leg
• Semitendinous
• Flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates tibia
• Semimembranous
• Flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates tibia

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 Hamstring Muscles

• Hamstring Muscles. The knee flexor muscles are a group of three

muscles located in the posterior thigh region on both sides of the body.
Their names are:
• 1) Biceps Femoris
• 2) Semitendonosus
• 3) Semimembranosus.
• All heads of the hamstrings originate on the ischial tuberosity of the
pelvis, except the biceps femoris short head which arises from the
posterior femur. The lateral hamstring runs inferolaterally and inserts on
the proximal lateral tibia.
• http://www.kingofthegym.com/hamstring-muscles/

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• The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the entire human body.
It is a long, thin, band-like muscle found in the anterior region of the
thigh. The sartorius functions as an important flexor and rotator of
the thigh at the hip joint.
• The muscle helps flex, adduct, and rotate the hip.

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Thigh Muscles-----Hamstring Muscles

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Posterior Leg Muscles

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Apply Your Knowledge

Your patient complains of hurting his hamstring when

running today. You would look at what part of the leg,
and what muscles would be involved?
ANSWER: You would look at the back of his leg, and
the muscles involved would be the biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These three
muscles are known as the hamstring group.

Bravo!
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Muscle Strains and Sprains
• Strains
– injuries due to over-stretched muscles or
tendons
• Sprains– more serious injuries that result in tears to
tendons, ligaments, and/or cartilage of joints
• RICE is recommended treatment for either
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation

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Muscle Strains and Sprains (cont.)

• Prevention
• Warm up muscles
• A few minutes before an intense activity raises muscle temperature
and makes muscle more pliable
• Stretching
• Improves muscle performance and should always be done after the
warm-up or after exercising

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Aging and the Musculoskeletal System
• Contractions become slower and not as strong
• Dexterity and gripping ability decrease
• Mobility may decrease
• Assistive devices helpful
• Routine exercise
• Swimming
• Physical therapy

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In Summary

• Skeletal muscles • Smooth muscles

• Voluntary control • Involuntary control
• Produce movement in • Control body openings and
conjunction with skeletal passages
system • Cardiac muscles
• Help stabilize joints • Involuntary control
• Participate in heat • Responsible for pumping
production action of the heart

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In Summary (cont.)
• RN must understand the muscular system to
• Give IM injections
• Prepare patients for massage therapy
• Demonstrate ambulatory techniques
• Assist in care and prevention of muscular disorders

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Thank You

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